A New Transmissible Symptomology on Sweet Chestnut in Italy

Vettraino, A. M.; Vannini, Andrea; Flamini, L.; Lagnese, R.; Pizzichini, L.; Talevi, S.; Fulbright, D. W.

doi:10.17660/actahortic.2005.693.71

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Moreover, no phytoplasmas or other agents were identified in the affected trees. Again, in the Marche region, similar symptoms proved to be transmissible in grafting trials, but neither viruses nor phytoplasmas were detected in the affected plants (Vettraino et al 2005). Interestingly, also in all these cases the symptoms were very localized (mainly on single trees or stands) and were not spreading further during the years.…”

Section: Iforest -Biogeosciences and Forestrymentioning

confidence: 86%

“…The association between crown yellowing due to interveinal chlorosis on leaves and the presence of phytoplasmas in Italy had already been hypothesized, but not confirmed, by Mittempergher & Sfalanga (1998) and Vettraino et al (2005). However, different phytoplasma species were detected in symptomatic Japanese chestnut trees, Castanea crenata Sieb.…”

Section: Phytoplasma Detectionmentioning

confidence: 89%

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Investigations on yellowing of chestnut crowns in Trentino (Alps, Northern Italy)

Bertoldi¹,

Miorelli²,

Pedrazzoli³

et al. 2020

iForest

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Yellowing of part or the whole canopy of chestnut trees was observed during the summer of 2014 in the areas of Tenno, Pranzo and Drena in Trentino, where chestnut cultivation is traditional on the lateral moraine deposit in a context of a prevalent limestone lithological substrate. Symptoms were observed on chestnut trees of different ages, either grafted or not, scattered or in stripes along the maximum slope. Investigations were carried out in the form of field surveys, chemical and molecular analyses of soil and leaves and greenhouse trials, to assess the damage evolution and its causes. No known pathogens emerged during the field surveys, and laboratory tests excluded the presence of phytoplasma infections. A comparison of yellow and asymptomatic leaves evidenced significant deficiencies of manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) in the yellow leaves, though the level of the two nutrients was the same in the soil below green and yellowed trees. Experimental runoff trials in the greenhouse reproduced the foliage damage with a continuous basic water regime; open-field fertilizations with Mn and Fe led to a slightly recovery on the part of some treated leaves, thus confirming the hypothesis of a probable, sudden deficiency of the mentioned microelements. A possible explanation of this phenomenon could be, on one side, the high precipitation level of 2014, and, on the other side, the previous outbreaks of the Asian chestnut gall wasp, that had reduced foliage volume and thus the organic substance in the soil. The natural recovery from symptoms was clearly visible in trees after four years in a context of normal rainfall regime and increasing organic acid in the soil, after effective biological control of wasp. Even if related to a particular and rare geological condition, this is the first description of Mn deficiency in Castanea sativa.

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Section: Iforest -Biogeosciences and Forestrymentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Phytoplasma Detectionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Investigations on yellowing of chestnut crowns in Trentino (Alps, Northern Italy)

Bertoldi¹,

Miorelli²,

Pedrazzoli³

et al. 2020

iForest

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“…This demonstrates that mosaic symptoms are induced by the virus and are not related to mineral deficiencies in the leaf or the soil. ChMV is mainly transmitted by grafting [14], but experimentally and likely naturally it can also be transmited through the aphid Myzocallis castanicola Baker [21,[42][43][44][45]. The germplasm may also play an important role, as demonstrated in previous studies where latent ChMV infections were detected by biological indexing in many symptomless C. sativa varieties or C. sativa x Castanea crenata Siebold and Zucc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, any new problem causes concerns and doubts about the perseverance of cultivation, as the recent appearance (or reappearance) of fruit brown rot has confirmed [12,13]. In this context, despite an increasing interest in chestnut cultivation for fruit and wood production, new worries started for two symptomatologies: "chestnut yellows", described in different areas and often ascribed to phytoplasma [14][15][16][17] but also to a nutrient deficiency [18], and "chestnut mosaic", which was determined to be transmissible by grafting [14] and was recently associated with a virus [19][20][21] whose detection now is possible with molecular tools compared to a diagnosis based only on symptomatology in the past. Viral diseases have been underestimated for long period in the context of forests, but they can represent emergent phytosanitary problems in the near future, especially for forest tree species that are converted in specialized fruit orchards (i.e., chestnut).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Symptoms in Castanea sativa Stands in Italy: Chestnut Mosaic Virus and Nutrient Deficiency

Murolo

Bertoldi

Pedrazzoli

et al. 2022

Forests

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The European chestnut characterizes both the landscape and economy of mountainous Italian areas. In recent years, new canopy disorders have been reported: “chestnut yellows”, often ascribed to phytoplasma and/or nutrient deficiency, and “chestnut mosaic”, associated with a virus (ChMV). Therefore, research was carried out in four Italian regions to describe the two symptomatic frames and assess their etiology. Surveys were conducted on 101 chestnut trees (23 with mosaic, 38 with yellowing, and 40 without symptoms). The phytosanitary status was monitored, and the new canopy disorders were detected, distinguishing between yellowing and mosaic. Moreover, leaf samples were collected for molecular and nutrient analyses. No phytoplasma infection was recorded, while ChMV was detected in 91.3% of samples with mosaic symptoms, 31.6% of yellowing samples, and 30.0% of asymptomatic samples. Yellowing was associated with Mn deficiency. On the other hand, ChMV-infected and healthy leaves had similar mineral contents, showing that mosaic symptoms are induced by the virus. Both disorders negatively affected photosynthesis efficiency. These phytosanitary problems are present in Italian chestnut woods and cause local effects, and a relationship with other biotic and abiotic factors can be hypothesized. Considering the increase in new records, these symptoms represent an emerging issue whose impact and spread need to be further monitored.

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“…Even if its etiology has long remained unknown, researchers hypothesized that the causal agent of ChMD could be a virus, introduced in Europe between 1940 and 1960 when a number of C. crenata cultivars were imported from Japan for breeding purposes. Investigations in France and Italy established that the causal agent can be eliminated by thermotherapy, is aphid-transmissible, and is graft-transmissible to Castanea and Quercus species in which it may elicit symptoms (Desvignes Armelle Marais Phytopathology 4 and Lecocq, 1995;Desvignes, 1999b;Vettraino et al 2005). The susceptibility to the ChMD agent of Castanea species/cultivars has been evaluated in several studies (Desvignes, 1992;1999b;Desvignes and Lecoq, 1995).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sixty Years from the First Disease Description, a Novel Badnavirus Associated with Chestnut Mosaic Disease

et al. 2021

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Although the chestnut mosaic disease (ChMD) was described several decades ago, its etiology is still not elucidated. Here, using classical approaches in combination with high throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques, we identify a novel Badnavirus that is a strong etiological candidate for ChMD. Two disease sources from Italy and France were submitted to HTS-based viral indexing. Total RNAs were extracted, ribodepleted and sequenced on an Illumina NextSeq500 (2x150 or 2x 75 nt). In each source, we identified a single contig of about 7.2 kilobases that corresponds to a complete circular viral genome and shares homologies with various badnaviruses. The genomes of the two isolates have an average nucleotide identity of 90.5% with a typical badnaviral genome organization comprising three open reading frames. Phylogenetic analyses and sequence comparisons show that this virus is a novel species for which we propose the name Chestnut mosaic virus (ChMV). Using a newly developed molecular detection test, we systematically detected the virus in symptomatic graft-inoculated indicator plants (chestnut and American oak), as well in chestnut trees presenting typical ChMD symptoms in the field (100% and 87% in France and Italy surveys, respectively). Datamining of publicly available chestnut SRA transcriptomic data allowed the reconstruction of two additional complete ChMV genomes from two Castanea mollissima sources from the USA, as well as ChMV detection in C. dentata from the USA. Preliminary epidemiological studies, performed in France and in Central Eastern Italy, showed that ChMV has a high incidence in some commercial orchards, with a low within-orchard genetic diversity.

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A New Transmissible Symptomology on Sweet Chestnut in Italy

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Investigations on yellowing of chestnut crowns in Trentino (Alps, Northern Italy)

Investigations on yellowing of chestnut crowns in Trentino (Alps, Northern Italy)

New Symptoms in Castanea sativa Stands in Italy: Chestnut Mosaic Virus and Nutrient Deficiency

Sixty Years from the First Disease Description, a Novel Badnavirus Associated with Chestnut Mosaic Disease

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