A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution

Schüβler, Arthur; Schwarzott, Daniel; Walker, Christopher

doi:10.1017/s0953756201005196

Cited by 1,615 publications

(886 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The neighbor-joining phylogram of AMF OTUs and reference sequences (Fig. 2, full tree with labeled tips is available in the Supplementary Information, Appendix B) recovered a topology generally congruent to the published hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships within Glomeromycota [42]. OTUs were not equally distributed taxonomically or phylogenetically within Glomeromycota (Fig.…”

Section: Sequencing Analysis and Bioinformaticssupporting

confidence: 71%

“…All non-AMF sequences were removed from the alignment. To improve our ability to separate clades of AMF we added high-quality reference sequences comprising 69 unrepresented Glomeromycota taxa and six basidiomycete and ascomycete outgroup taxa [42]. Next, we conducted 1000 neighbor-joining bootstrap replicates to assess the confidence of tree topology.…”

Section: Bioinformatics and Otu Designationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reference sequences represent either the highest BLASTN matches from GenBank or consensus sequences from Schüßler et al [42]. GenBank accession numbers are listed for the BLASTN matches.…”

Section: Supplementary Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Host Identity Impacts Rhizosphere Fungal Communities Associated with Three Alpine Plant Species

2011

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Abstract:Fungal diversity and composition are still relatively unknown in many ecosystems; however, host identity and environmental conditions are hypothesized to influence fungal community assembly. To test these hypotheses we characterized the richness, diversity, and composition of rhizosphere fungi colonizing three alpine plant species, Taraxacum ceratophorum, Taraxacum officinale, and Polemonium viscosum. Roots were collected from open meadow and willow understory habitats at treeline on Pennsylvania Mountain, Colorado, USA. Fungal small subunit ribosomal DNA was sequenced using fungal-specific primers, sample-specific DNA tags, and 454 pyrosequencing. We classified operational taxonomic units (OTUs) as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AMF) or non-arbuscular mycorrhizal (non-AMF) fungi, then tested whether habitat or host identity influenced these fungal communities. Approximately 14% of the sequences represented AMF taxa (44 OTUs) with the majority belonging to Glomus group A and B. NON-AMF sequences represented 186 OTUs belonging to Ascomycota (58%), Basidiomycota (26%), Zygomycota (14%), and Chytridiomycota (2%) phyla. Total AMF and non-AMF richness were similar between habitats, but varied among host species. AMF richness and diversity per root sample also varied among host species and were highest in T. ceratophorum compared to T. officinale and P. viscosum. In contrast, non-AMF richness and diversity per root sample were similar among host species except in the willow understory where diversity was reduced in T. officinale. Fungal community composition was influenced by host identity, but not habitat. Specifically, T. officinale hosted a different AMF community than T. ceratophorum and P. viscosum, while P. viscosum hosted a different non-AMF community than T. ceratophorum and T. officinale. Our results suggest that host identity has a stronger effect on rhizosphere fungi than habitat. Furthermore, although host identity influenced both AMF and non-AMF this effect was stronger for the mutualistic AMF community. Text of paper:Host identity impacts rhizosphere fungal communities associated with three alpine plant species

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Section: Sequencing Analysis and Bioinformaticssupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Bioinformatics and Otu Designationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Host Identity Impacts Rhizosphere Fungal Communities Associated with Three Alpine Plant Species

2011

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“…The VAM fungi have been raised to the rank Glomeromycota (=Glomeromycetes, glomeromycete, glomeromycotan), so the older name Glomales (which has been corrected to Glomerales) no longer represents the whole phylum (Schüßler, Schwarzott & Walker, 2001). The old name phycomycetous mycorrhizas is invalid as it included fungi now classified in separate kingdoms.…”

Section: Types and Categories Of Mycorrhizasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations

2004

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Most mycorrhizas are ' balanced ' mutualistic associations in which the fungus and plant exchange commodities required for their growth and survival. Myco-heterotrophic plants have 'exploitative ' mycorrhizas where transfer processes apparently benefit only plants. Exploitative associations are symbiotic (in the broad sense), but are not mutualistic. A new definition of mycorrhizas that encompasses all types of these associations while excluding other plant-fungus interactions is provided. This definition recognises the importance of nutrient transfer at an interface resulting from synchronised plant-fungus development. The diversity of interactions between mycorrhizal fungi and plants is considered. Mycorrhizal fungi also function as endophytes, necrotrophs and antagonists of host or non-host plants, with roles that vary during the lifespan of their associations. It is recommended that mycorrhizal associations are defined and classified primarily by anatomical criteria regulated by the host plant. A revised classification scheme for types and categories of mycorrhizal associations defined by these criteria is proposed. The main categories of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal associations (VAM) are 'linear' or 'coiling ', and of ectomycorrhizal associations (ECM) are ' epidermal ' or 'cortical '. Subcategories of coiling VAM and epidermal ECM occur in certain host plants. Fungus-controlled features result in ' morphotypes ' within categories of VAM and ECM. Arbutoid and monotropoid associations should be considered subcategories of epidermal ECM and ectendomycorrhizas should be relegated to an ECM morphotype. Both arbuscules and vesicles define mycorrhizas formed by glomeromycotan fungi. A new classification scheme for categories, subcategories and morphotypes of mycorrhizal associations is provided.

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“…The taxonomy of the Glomeromycota is presently in considerable flux, with conflicting morphological and molecular data sets, and the phylum for AMF has recently been revised several times (Morton and Redecker 2001;Schüßler et al 2001;Walker and Schüßler 2004). Phylogenetic analysis for classification must be resolved using additional criteria that extend beyond morphology and ribosomal encoding genes.…”

Section: Future Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty years of research on community composition and species distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in China: a review

et al. 2006

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The biodiversity and distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in different ecosystems and plant communities in China has received increasing interest over the past decades. This has led to a steady increase in the number of scientific papers published on this topic. Studies have surveyed AMF-colonizing rhizospheres of most families of angiosperms, bryophytes, pteridophytes, and gymnosperms. China has about 30,000 plant species (one eighth of the plant species worldwide). A total of 104 AMF species within nine genera, including 12 new species, have been reported in environments such as croplands, grasslands, forests, and numerous disturbed environments. In this paper, we review data published over the past 20 years on AMF community composition and species distribution, the mycorrhizal status of plants, AMF spore communities in different habitats, and germplasm collections in China. Possible future trends in the study of the biodiversity of AMF are also briefly discussed. In particular, the aim of our review is to make some of the recent work published in the Chinese literature accessible to a wider international audience.

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A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution

Cited by 1,615 publications

References 33 publications

Host Identity Impacts Rhizosphere Fungal Communities Associated with Three Alpine Plant Species

Host Identity Impacts Rhizosphere Fungal Communities Associated with Three Alpine Plant Species

Diversity and classification of mycorrhizal associations

Twenty years of research on community composition and species distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in China: a review

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