A new approach in maximizing and direct utilization of whole Jatropha curcas L. kernels in biodiesel production – Technological improvement

Abstract

a b s t r a c tThe direct (trans)esterification of whole Jatropha curcas L. (JCL) kernels in subcritical solvent mixture of water, methanol and acetic acid was explored. A high fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 96.56% could be achieved at a solvent (water: acetic acid: methanol ¼ 1:5:15, v/v/v) to solid ratio of 7 cm 3 g À1 . The reaction mixture was pressurize with carbon dioxide and reacted for 1 h at 523 K and 12.5 MPa. Qualitative tests on the recovered polar fractions of the product were found to have radical scavenging activities. The characteristics of the spent kernel residues were also studied. The method employed in this study provides an alternative approach to better utilize JCL kernels and cut down the number of production steps.

Supercritical CO2 extraction of oil from Jatropha curcas: An experimental and modelling study

“…Above all, the cultivation of this plant does not compete with food crops. As a consequence, JC seeds represent an encouraging source of oil from which biodiesel may be derived by transesterification [3][4][5][6][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. JC oil can be extracted by different methods, however mechanical extraction methods [15,[17][18][19] are generally preferred because the operational costs are low and they can easily be carried out by semi-skilled operators.…”

“…Indeed, the rate of oil recovery obtained by mechanical press methods is comprised between 69 and 86% while the yield obtained by classical organic solvent, such as n-hexane, extraction methods are comprised between 70 and 99% depending on extraction time and solvent type [20][21][22]. However, classical organic solvents are known to be pollutant and non-selective, which has led to the investigation of other extraction methods for JC oil [16,[23][24][25][26]. The supercritical CO 2 (SC-CO 2 ) extraction method allows a green and rather selective extraction, depending on the operating pressure and temperature, of non-polar compounds, particularly triglycerides that lead to biodiesel after transesterification.…”

Developments in in-situ (trans) esterification for biodiesel production: A critical review

“…Except for hydrothermal treatments (Section 3.3.6), most other treatments do not produce useful side products to compensate for the cost incurred. In separate studies Go et al [82,92,98,99] provided alternative routes to directly utilize whole seed kernels, which avoid the need to reduce particle size.…”

“…Production of low cost substrate from hydrolysate of biomass [77,82,85,87] may also be produced prior to ISTE reactions as mention in Section 3.3.6. In the case of sub and supercritical ISTE, residues may be utilized as solid fuel or explored as basic catalyst and supports [79,99]. Recovery of small amount but high value byproducts such as phenolics, flavonoids and sterols during ISTE process [79,99] may also be taken into consideration to reduce production cost.…”

Identification of IgE-binding peptide and critical amino acids of Jatropha curcas allergen involved in allergenic response

“…Several governments, international organizations and national bodies are promoting the planting and use of J. curcas and other oil-bearing plants as biofuels (Openshaw 2000 ; Makkar et al 2009 ). Studies are being developed to maximizing the production of biofuel with the direct use of the J. curcas oil (Go et al 2016 ). J. curcas is superficially a promising oilseed because of its high oil content and its inedibility, due to its high toxicity (Makkar et al 2009 ).…”