A mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study in the Netherlands in 2013: Part II – occurrence

Abstract

The occurrence of 59 natural toxins was determined in 88 composite food and drink samples of a mycotoxin-dedicated total diet study performed in the Netherlands in 2013. Composite food samples were prepared by pooling foods from a food category (as consumed, e.g. peeled, cooked, etc.) according to their consumption by population groups in the Netherlands. A multi-targeted method based on QuEChERs extraction, dilute and shoot and analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied to the 88 composite samples. Dedicated methods with lower detection limits for patulin, aflatoxins and trichothecenes were also applied to specific food types. Thirty samples (34%) were positive for one or more mycotoxins. Patulin, aflatoxin M1, zearalenone and plant toxins, with the exception of scopolamine in liquorice, were not detected in any of the composite samples. Aflatoxin B1 was only detected, but not at quantifiable levels, in the composites that contained peanuts. Fumonisin B1 was only found at 18 μg/kg in breakfast cereals consumed by the population group of 7-69 years, whereas ochratoxin A occurred at low levels around 1 μg/kg in liquorice, legumes and coffee. Grains and grain-based food composites were positive for ergot alkaloids, enniatins B and B1 and deoxynivalenol (DON). The levels of DON in the positive samples were lower compared to other studies, with the exception of breakfast cereals for infants with a DON concentration of 116 μg/kg. This specific composite sample may have contained an ingredient with a concentration exceeding the maximum legal limit of 200 μg/kg. Alternaria toxins (alternariol and alternariol methyl ether) were detected at levels ranging from 1.0 to 8.9 μg/kg in a number of composite samples, including tomato products, nuts, cereal products, chocolate and wine. Mycophenolic acid and roquefortine C cooccurred in mould-ripened cheese composites, while mycophenolic acid also was found in dried fruit and liquorice composite samples.

Evaluation of Mycotoxin Residues on Ready-to-Eat Food by Chromatographic Methods Coupled to Mass Spectrometry in Tandem

“…Regarding mycotoxin presence, the contents determined here were comparable with previous research performed in total diet studies (TDS). López et al [ 22 ] reported DON and ENB contents in pasta at concentrations of 8.7 and 35 µg/kg, respectively. Yau et al [ 23 ] also detected DON in a range of 29.95–33.11 µg/kg in pasta, while in vegetables, legumes, and meat samples, the amounts were lower than 5.0 µg/kg.…”

Survey of moniliformin in wheat- and corn-based products using a straightforward analytical method

“…Different extraction procedures of MON from bread were tested in this study: (a) acetonitrile/water (84:16, v/v), (b) acetonitrile/water with 1% formic acid (84:16, v/v), (c) acetonitrile/water with 1% acetic acid (84:16, v/v), (d) QuEChERS extraction with acetonitrile/water with 1% acetic acid (84:16, v/v) plus clean-up with 4 g of magnesium sulphate and 1 g of sodium acetate (Lopez et al 2016 ), (e) acetonitrile/water (50:50 v/v) and (f) water 100%.…”

Mycotoxin Dietary Exposure Assessment through Fruit Juices Consumption in Children and Adult Population

“…HT-2 is also not commonly found in fruits and its derived products and little information is available in bibliography. López et al [22] detected HT-2 in apple juice composite but at levels below the LOQ.…”