2011
DOI: 10.1007/s10237-011-0290-6
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Abstract: A new musculoskeletal model for the lumbar spine is described in this paper. This model features a rigid pelvis and sacrum, the five lumbar vertebrae, and a rigid torso consisting of a lumped thoracic spine and ribcage. The motion of the individual lumbar vertebrae was defined as a fraction of the net lumbar movement about the three rotational degrees of freedom: flexion-extension lateral bending, and axial rotation. Additionally, the eight main muscle groups of the lumbar spine were incorporated using 238 mus… Show more

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Cited by 240 publications
(208 citation statements)
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“…If a set of stiffness data for K E , such as those found in [11] or [27], are 3 In OpenSim, the generalized force due to the bushing element F B 1 = −F B 2 is exerted on the bushing frame B 2 and an additional transformation applied to account for the shift from B 2 to B 1 . Consequently, the generalized force acting on the frame B 1 is not equal and opposite to that exerted on the frame B 2 by the bushing element.…”
Section: Comments On Experimental Datamentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…If a set of stiffness data for K E , such as those found in [11] or [27], are 3 In OpenSim, the generalized force due to the bushing element F B 1 = −F B 2 is exerted on the bushing frame B 2 and an additional transformation applied to account for the shift from B 2 to B 1 . Consequently, the generalized force acting on the frame B 1 is not equal and opposite to that exerted on the frame B 2 by the bushing element.…”
Section: Comments On Experimental Datamentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Notice that this matrix has the same number of independent components and, after relabeling axes, symmetries as the stiffness matrix K in [27]. Further details on the models used, such as the geometry of the vertebral bodies are identical to those used in our earlier work [3] and we refer the interested reader to this resource for further details. Fig.…”
Section: Model Detailsmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…There are a wide range of studies on musculoskeletal models [13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21]. There are also a number of scientific contributions being made to the study of computer graphics, some exclusively centred around human muscular anatomy and not on dynamic simulation, such as [22,23,24,25,26].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%