A Multi-Hop LoRa Linear Sensor Network for the Monitoring of Underground Environments: The Case of the Medieval Aqueducts in Siena, Italy

Abrardo, Andrea; Pozzebon, Alessandro

doi:10.3390/s19020402

Cited by 82 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…In [21], the authors proposed a linear multihop communication over LoRa to monitor the ancient underground water distribution systems in Siena, Italy. The authors used a simple routing protocol and a synchronization mechanism, where the end-devices use a wake-up time transmission scheme to minimize energy consumption.…”

Section: Routing Proposalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Router-Device (Figure 7a) -Smart Building -Industrial -Improve connection -Access to power supply -Multiple barriers scenario Abrardo and Pozzebon [21] Anedda et al [20] Bor et al [17] Dias and Grilo [24] Haubro et al [29] Lee and Ke [23] Liao et al [18] Lundell et al [19] Mai and Kim [25] Sartori et al [28] Zhu et al [26] Router-Gateway (Figure 7b) -Smart Farm -Smart City -Connect remote areas -Concentrate data traffic Dwijaksara et al [30] Router-Device Router-Gateway (Figure 7c) -…”

Section: Scenario Scenario Details Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many authors have proposed multihop solutions for LoRaWAN [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], where some devices act as relays to other devices. The forwarding mechanism is a crucial choice for a multihop LoRaWAN, as it may affect the performance of the network, in terms of throughput, reliability, latency, and energy consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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LoRaWAN Mesh Networks: A Review and Classification of Multihop Communication

Cotrim

Kleinschmidt

2020

Sensors

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The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) led to the deployment of many applications that use wireless networks, like smart cities and smart agriculture. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) meet many requirements of IoT, such as energy efficiency, low cost, large coverage area, and large-scale deployment. Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) networks are one of the most studied and implemented LPWAN technologies, due to the facility to build private networks with an open standard. Typical LoRaWAN networks are single-hop in a star topology, composed of end-devices that transmit data directly to gateways. Recently, several studies proposed multihop LoRaWAN networks, thus forming wireless mesh networks. This article provides a review of the state-of-the-art multihop proposals for LoRaWAN. In addition, we carried out a comparative analysis and classification, considering technical characteristics, intermediate devices function, and network topologies. This paper also discusses open issues and future directions to realize the full potential of multihop networking. We hope to encourage other researchers to work on improving the performance of LoRaWAN mesh networks, with more theoretical and simulation analysis, as well as practical deployments.

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Section: Routing Proposalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scenario Scenario Details Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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LoRaWAN Mesh Networks: A Review and Classification of Multihop Communication

Cotrim

Kleinschmidt

2020

Sensors

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“…Furthermore, research is ongoing to mix both LPWAN and multi-hop communication protocols. For example, [44][45][46][47] [50].…”

Section: Future Research Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of EU duty cycle and transmission power limitations for sub-GHz LPWAN SRDs: an overview and future challenges

Saelens

Hoebeke

Shahid

et al. 2019

J Wireless Com Network

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Long-range sub-GHz technologies such as LoRaWAN, SigFox, IEEE 802.15.4, and DASH7 are increasingly popular for academic research and daily life applications. However, especially in the European Union (EU), the use of their corresponding frequency bands are tightly regulated, since they must confirm to the short-range device (SRD) regulations. Regulations and standards for SRDs exist on various levels, from global to national, but are often a source of confusion. Not only are multiple institutes responsible for drafting legislation and regulations, depending on the type of document can these rules be informational or mandatory. Regulations also vary from region to region; for example, regulations in the United States of America (USA) rely on electrical field strength and harmonic strength, while EU regulations are based on duty cycle and maximum transmission power. A common misconception is the presence of a common 1% duty cycle, while in fact the duty cycle is frequency band-specific and can be loosened under certain circumstances. This paper clarifies the various regulations for the European region, the parties involved in drafting and enforcing regulation, and the impact on recent technologies such as SigFox, LoRaWAN, and DASH7. Furthermore, an overview is given of potential mitigation approaches to cope with the duty cycle constraints, as well as future research directions. more and more relevant. For example, LoRa duty cycle limitations already impacts, among others, the throughput of the downlink communication, the (un)availability of acknowledgements, the feasibility of over the air firmware upgrades, geolocation inaccuracies, and scalability [1][2][3][4]. Several models predict that the probability of duty cycle violations during downlink communication will further increase, up to 20% for SigFox and 15% for LoRaWAN [5]. Similar impacts are expected for other technologies operating in sub-GHz radio frequency bands.However, despite the large impact of these regulations, many researchers are unaware of the exact limits and are not aware of mitigation techniques they can apply. Various institutes have each implemented regulations on the availability of radio spectrum for SRDs and their usage restrictions. This fragmentation causes confusion and misconceptions for researchers and manufacturers alike.

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“…These networks are getting increasingly used in many monitoring applications. Some of the most popular applications are the underground environments monitoring, 3 road track or railway monitoring 4, 5 border monitoring, 6 oil and gas monitoring, 7 or even water pipeline monitoring, 8 and so forth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference‐aware clustering approach improving QoS for linear WSNs using a token‐based MAC protocol

Ndoye

Diallo

Hakem

et al. 2020

Int J Communication

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Summary Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received a lot of attention from both academia and industry due to the increasing need for ubiquitous computing for monitoring applications, the continuous advances in miniaturization of electronic devices, and the ultra‐low‐power wireless technologies. These innovations in technology have driven the curiosity to use sensor networks in a new kind of applications such as road track or railway monitoring, border monitoring, oil and gas, or even water pipeline monitoring. Due to the underlying linear topology of these applications, a new type of network, called a linear sensor network (LSN), has emerged. Because of the specific characteristics of this application and the resource constraints of sensors, some of the major challenges faced in LSNs are to reduce end‐to‐end delays, to maximize the packet delivery ratio to a sink, and an even distribution of the load between nodes. To achieve these objectives, it is necessary to control node‐to‐node packet traffic conditions and to manage radio interference created by simultaneously active nodes. This paper addresses these challenges and proposes a new method of clustering LSNs that reduces or controls radio interference risks in order to satisfy these objectives, application needs, and the resource limitations of sensor nodes in the best possible way. This method is applied for LSNs using a token‐passing mechanism to access the medium. The performance evaluation is conducted by using a realistic propagation model in the analytical evaluation and also a NS‐2 simulation process.

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A Multi-Hop LoRa Linear Sensor Network for the Monitoring of Underground Environments: The Case of the Medieval Aqueducts in Siena, Italy

Cited by 82 publications

References 35 publications

LoRaWAN Mesh Networks: A Review and Classification of Multihop Communication

LoRaWAN Mesh Networks: A Review and Classification of Multihop Communication

Impact of EU duty cycle and transmission power limitations for sub-GHz LPWAN SRDs: an overview and future challenges

Interference‐aware clustering approach improving QoS for linear WSNs using a token‐based MAC protocol

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