A MRI-Compatible Combined Mechanical Loading and MR Elastography Setup to Study Deformation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Damage in Rats

Nelissen, Jules L.; Graaf, Larry de; Traa, Willeke A.; Schreurs, Tom J. L.; Moerman, Kevin M.; Nederveen, Aart J.; Sinkus, Ralph; Oomens, C.W.J.; Nicolay, Klaas; Strijkers, Gustav J.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169864

Cited by 19 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…MRE revealed a local hotspot of elevated G d , G l , and |G*|near the center of deformation directly after load release at Day 0, whereas T 2 was elevated in a much larger area. This difference in spatial extend can be explained by higher specificity of T 2 for fluid accumulation, which diffuses proximally and distally along the muscle fibers after injury . Similar to our results, Lv et al found elevated shear stiffness in skeletal muscle of rabbits up to 72 hours after crush injury with ultrasound elastography, which was attributed to swollen muscle cells and increased interstitial space .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

“…The T 2 ‐weighted and T 2 ‐mapping measurements were also performed during the period of deformation. The rat was placed in supine position in the MR compatible indentation and MRE setup and anesthetized with isoflurane (4.0 vol.% for induction, 1.0–2.0 vol.% for maintenance) in 0.6 L/min medical air . To review briefly, the setup consisted of an indentation and MRE part (Figure ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aim of this study was therefore to quantify the spatial–temporal changes in skeletal muscle mechanical properties upon damage development and (partial) recovery in the rat model of deep tissue injury. For this purpose, we employed the recently introduced rat magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) setup, which facilitates direct quantification of muscle shear modulus values . This setup enables MRE estimations of local muscle tissue mechanical properties pre, during (not shown), and post‐indentation of the rat TA muscle in the MRI scanner.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the current knowledge on changes in biomechanical properties related to deep tissue injury and pressure ulcers in general were obtained from controlled indentation experiments in animals and finite element analysis (FEA). [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] One of the well-established animal models of deep tissue injury involves the deformation of the rat tibialis anterior (TA) muscle with a custom loading device that can be placed in a MRI scanner for imaging during the development of the damage. 19,27 Several MRI and histopathologic readouts were employed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the damage development, recovery, and regeneration in this model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] One of the well-established animal models of deep tissue injury involves the deformation of the rat tibialis anterior (TA) muscle with a custom loading device that can be placed in a MRI scanner for imaging during the development of the damage. 19,27 Several MRI and histopathologic readouts were employed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the damage development, recovery, and regeneration in this model. 18,21,25,28,29 It was found that the initial tissue response to deformation started at some distance from the center of indentation, affecting a relatively large area.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetic resonance elastography of skeletal muscle deep tissue injury

et al. 2019

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The current state‐of‐the‐art diagnosis method for deep tissue injury in muscle, a subcategory of pressure ulcers, is palpation. It is recognized that deep tissue injury is frequently preceded by altered biomechanical properties. A quantitative understanding of the changes in biomechanical properties preceding and during deep tissue injury development is therefore highly desired. In this paper we quantified the spatial–temporal changes in mechanical properties upon damage development and recovery in a rat model of deep tissue injury. Deep tissue injury was induced in nine rats by two hours of sustained deformation of the tibialis anterior muscle. Magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), T 2 ‐weighted, and T 2 ‐mapping measurements were performed before, directly after indentation, and at several timepoints during a 14‐day follow‐up. The results revealed a local hotspot of elevated shear modulus (from 3.30 ± 0.14 kPa before to 4.22 ± 0.90 kPa after) near the center of deformation at Day 0, whereas the T 2 was elevated in a larger area. During recovery there was a clear difference in the time course of the shear modulus and T 2 . Whereas T 2 showed a gradual normalization towards baseline, the shear modulus dropped below baseline from Day 3 up to Day 10 (from 3.29 ± 0.07 kPa before to 2.68 ± 0.23 kPa at Day 10, P < 0.001), followed by a normalization at Day 14. In conclusion, we found an initial increase in shear modulus directly after two hours of damage‐inducing deformation, which was followed by decreased shear modulus from Day 3 up to Day 10, and subsequent normalization. The lower shear modulus originates from the moderate to severe degeneration of the muscle. MRE stiffness values were affected in a smaller area as compared with T 2 . Since T 2 elevation is related to edema, distributing along the muscle fibers proximally and distally from the injury, we suggest that MRE is more specific than T 2 for localization of the actual damaged area.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Magnetic resonance elastography of skeletal muscle deep tissue injury

et al. 2019

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Compositional and Functional MRI of Skeletal Muscle: A Review

Hooijmans,

Schlaffke,

Bolsterlee

et al. 2023

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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Due to its exceptional sensitivity to soft tissues, MRI has been extensively utilized to assess anatomical muscle parameters such as muscle volume and cross‐sectional area. Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging (qMRI) adds to the capabilities of MRI, by providing information on muscle composition such as fat content, water content, microstructure, hypertrophy, atrophy, as well as muscle architecture. In addition to compositional changes, qMRI can also be used to assess function for example by measuring muscle quality or through characterization of muscle deformation during passive lengthening/shortening and active contractions. The overall aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of qMRI techniques that can quantitatively evaluate muscle structure and composition, provide insights into the underlying biological basis of the qMRI signal, and illustrate how qMRI biomarkers of muscle health relate to function in healthy and diseased/injured muscles. While some applications still require systematic clinical validation, qMRI is now established as a comprehensive technique, that can be used to characterize a wide variety of structural and compositional changes in healthy and diseased skeletal muscle. Taken together, multiparametric muscle MRI holds great potential in the diagnosis and monitoring of muscle conditions in research and clinical applications.Evidence Level5Technical EfficacyStage 2

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Changes in Tissue Composition and Load Response After Transtibial Amputation Indicate Biomechanical Adaptation

et al. 2021

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Despite the potential for biomechanical conditioning with prosthetic use, the soft tissues of residual limbs following lower-limb amputation are vulnerable to damage. Imaging studies revealing morphological changes in these soft tissues have not distinguished between superficial and intramuscular adipose distribution, despite the recognition that intramuscular fat levels indicate reduced tolerance to mechanical loading. Furthermore, it is unclear how these changes may alter tissue tone and stiffness, which are key features in prosthetic socket design. This study was designed to compare the morphology and biomechanical response of limb tissues to mechanical loading in individuals with and without transtibial amputation, using magnetic resonance imaging in combination with tissue structural stiffness. The results revealed higher adipose infiltrating muscle in residual limbs than in intact limbs (residual: median 2.5% (range 0.2–8.9%); contralateral: 1.7% (0.1–5.1%); control: 0.9% (0.4–1.3%)), indicating muscle atrophy and adaptation post-amputation. The intramuscular adipose content correlated negatively with daily socket use, although there was no association with time post-amputation. Residual limbs were significantly stiffer than intact limbs at the patellar tendon site, which plays a key role in load transfer across the limb-prosthesis interface. The tissue changes following amputation have relevance in the clinical understanding of prosthetic socket design variables and soft tissue damage risk in this vulnerable group.

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A MRI-Compatible Combined Mechanical Loading and MR Elastography Setup to Study Deformation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Damage in Rats

Cited by 19 publications

References 89 publications

Magnetic resonance elastography of skeletal muscle deep tissue injury

Magnetic resonance elastography of skeletal muscle deep tissue injury

Compositional and Functional MRI of Skeletal Muscle: A Review

Changes in Tissue Composition and Load Response After Transtibial Amputation Indicate Biomechanical Adaptation

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