A Modeling and experimental study of light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) accumulation in wells and LNAPL recovery from wells

Sleep, Brent E.; Sehayek, Lily; Chien, Calvin C.

doi:10.1029/2000wr900224

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(5 reference statements)

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“…Gudbjerg et al (2004) and Schmidt et al (2002) used the T2VOC code (Falta et al, 1995) to simulate steam injection. Hydraulic removal of NAPLs was numerically modeled by Waddill and Parker (1997) with the ARMOS code (Environmental Systems and Technologies, 1996) and by Sleep et al (2000) The reasons why the majority of the flow cell experiments was not subject to numerical analysis were probably associated with funding, scientific interest, code or modeler availability, and the complexity of the enhanced remediation technique. Unfortunately, even when numerical models become available in the future, it will be impossible for modelers to go back and use the data of several previous experiments because they do not provide the necessary basic information on fluid properties, hydraulic properties, and initial or boundary conditions.…”

Section: Discussion and Research Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…System design is often based on simplified equations for fluid movement (e.g., Charbeneau et al, 2000) based on nonhysteretic fluid distributions (e.g., Lenhard and Parker, 1990). The experiments by Waddill and Parker (1997) and Sleep et al (2000) have demonstrated the need to include pore geometry and fluid entrapment hysteresis into numerical models for and accurate simulation of the observed phenomena. Several research topics related to hydraulic NAPL recovery are of interest.…”

Section: Discussion and Research Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Predictions of the new model compared well with observed oil thicknesses in the observation wells. As for the ARMOS simulations conducted by Waddill and Parker (1997), the inclusion of pore geometry and fluid entrapment hysteresis was required to provide a good match with experimental data (Sleep et al, 2000).…”

Section: Enhanced Remediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the effects of hysteresis were incorporated into the ARMOS model, predicted and measured cumulative oil recovery were in reasonable agreement. Sleep et al (2000) conducted a 3-D experiment to create a data set to test a new formulation for LNAPL accumulation in observation wells and removal from recovery wells. The relatively large flow cell was filled with an 83-cm-thick lower layer consisting of finegrained sand and an 86-cm-thick coarse-grained sand upper layer.…”

Section: Hydraulic Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Multidimensional, Multifluid Intermediate‐Scale Experiments: Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Dissolution and Enhanced Remediation

Oostrom

Dane

Wietsma

2006

Vadose Zone Journal

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A review is presented of original multidimensional, intermediate‐scale experiments involving NAPLs (nonaqueous phase liquids). The experimental approach at this scale can be viewed as an important intermediary between column studies and field trials. The primary advantage of intermediate‐scale flow cell experiments is that field‐scale processes can be simulated under controlled conditions. The experiments are frequently conducted to provide data sets to test and verify numerical and analytical flow and transport models. The controlled setting and laboratory instrumentation reduces the uncertainty in parameter estimation, allowing comparisons between simulation and experimental results to focus on flow and transport processes. A total of about 125 original contributions were identified and reviewed. Depending on the main topic of NAPL experimental research, the papers were divided into the following sections: (i) aqueous dissolution, (ii) enhanced remediation, (iii) flow behavior, (iv) quantification, and (v) imaging. In this review, the first two categories are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided. In a companion review, experimental work related to the other three categories is investigated. The aqueous dissolution category includes experiments in which pooled and entrapped NAPL removal occurs due to water flushing. The enhanced remediation section contains experimental contributions investigating surfactant flushing, alcohol flushing, surfactant and alcohol flushing combinations, dense brine strategies, hydraulic NAPL recovery, soil vapor extraction, air sparging, heat‐based remediation, bioremediation, and other techniques.

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Section: Discussion and Research Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussion and Research Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Enhanced Remediationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hydraulic Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Review of Multidimensional, Multifluid Intermediate‐Scale Experiments: Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Dissolution and Enhanced Remediation

Oostrom

Dane

Wietsma

2006

Vadose Zone Journal

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“…The numerical model used for this purpose in this study is COMPSIM, a three‐dimensional, multicomponent, finite differences model that simulates multiphase flow and advective‐dispersive transport in groundwater [ Sleep and Sykes , ]. COMPSIM has been used in the literature to simulate groundwater contamination and remediation of organic compounds [ McClure and Sleep , ; Sleep et al ., ; O' Carroll and Sleep , , ]. To simulate DNAPL infiltration, COMPSIM allows the use of infiltration models of varying complexity, from simple Brooks‐Corey to the complex hysteretic constitutive relationships of Gerhard and Kueper [].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of upscaled models for multistage mass discharge from DNAPL source zones

Kokkinaki

Werth

Sleep

2014

Water Resources Research

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Analytical upscaled models that can describe the depletion of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) and the associated mass discharge are a practical alternative to computationally demanding and data-intensive multiphase numerical simulators. A major shortcoming of most existing upscaled models is that they cannot reproduce the nonmonotonic, multistage effluent concentrations often observed in experiments and numerical simulations. Upscaled models that can produce multistage concentrations either require calibration, which increases the cost of applying them in the field, or use dual-domain conceptual models that may not apply for spatially complex source zones. In this study, a new upscaled model is presented that can describe the nonmonotonic, multistage average concentrations emanating from complex DNAPL source zones. This is achieved by explicitly considering the temporal evolution of three source zone parameters, namely source zone projected area, the average of local-scale DNAPL saturations, and the average of local-scale aqueous relative permeability, without using empirical parameters. The model is evaluated for two real and twelve hypothetical centimeter-scale complex source zones. The proposed model captures the temporal variations in concentrations better than an empirical model and a dual-domain ganglia-to-pool ratio model. The results provide evidence that effluent concentrations downgradient of DNAPL source zones are controlled by the evolution of the aforementioned macroscopic parameters. This knowledge can be useful for the interpretation of field observations of effluent concentrations downstream of DNAPL source zones, and for the development of predictive upscaled models. Advances in DNAPL characterization techniques are needed to quantify these macroscopic parameters that can be used to guide DNAPL remediation efforts.

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Organic contaminant transport and fate in the subsurface: Evolution of knowledge and understanding

Essaid

Bekins

Cozzarelli

2015

Water Resources Research

149

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Toxic organic contaminants may enter the subsurface as slightly soluble and volatile nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) or as dissolved solutes resulting in contaminant plumes emanating from the source zone. A large body of research published in Water Resources Research has been devoted to characterizing and understanding processes controlling the transport and fate of these organic contaminants and the effectiveness of natural attenuation, bioremediation, and other remedial technologies. These contributions include studies of NAPL flow, entrapment, and interphase mass transfer that have advanced from the analysis of simple systems with uniform properties and equilibrium contaminant phase partitioning to complex systems with pore-scale and macroscale heterogeneity and rate-limited interphase mass transfer. Understanding of the fate of dissolved organic plumes has advanced from when biodegradation was thought to require oxygen to recognition of the importance of anaerobic biodegradation, multiple redox zones, microbial enzyme kinetics, and mixing of organic contaminants and electron acceptors at plume fringes. Challenges remain in understanding the impacts of physical, chemical, biological, and hydrogeological heterogeneity, pore-scale interactions, and mixing on the fate of organic contaminants. Further effort is needed to successfully incorporate these processes into field-scale predictions of transport and fate. Regulations have greatly reduced the frequency of new point-source contamination problems; however, remediation at many legacy plumes remains challenging. A number of fields of current relevance are benefiting from research advances from point-source contaminant research. These include geologic carbon sequestration, nonpoint-source contamination, aquifer storage and recovery, the fate of contaminants from oil and gas development, and enhanced bioremediation.

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A Modeling and experimental study of light nonaqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) accumulation in wells and LNAPL recovery from wells

Cited by 20 publications

References 20 publications

A Review of Multidimensional, Multifluid Intermediate‐Scale Experiments: Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Dissolution and Enhanced Remediation

A Review of Multidimensional, Multifluid Intermediate‐Scale Experiments: Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Dissolution and Enhanced Remediation

Comparison of upscaled models for multistage mass discharge from DNAPL source zones

Organic contaminant transport and fate in the subsurface: Evolution of knowledge and understanding

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