A model of HIV disclosure: Disclosure and types of social relationships

Bairan, Annette; Taylor, George R.; Blake, Barbara J.; Akers, Timothy A.; Sowell, Richard L.; Mendiola, Rick

doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2007.00221.x

Cited by 73 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…These patterns of association suggest that differences in disclosure target and intention may partly explain the previous inconsistent results on disclosure, stigma and social support (Chaudoir et al, 2011;Smith et al, 2008). It confirms previous findings that stigma and social support may play different roles in disclosure decisions to partners, family, friends or broader community (Bairan et al, 2007;Derlega et al, 2002), and that consequences may differ when disclosing to different types of actors (Greeff et al, 2008;Norman et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Several reviewers highlighted the need for improved measurement (e.g. Obermeyer et al, 2011;Smith et al, 2008), and several authors proposed models to guide research on disclosure (Bairan et al, 2007;Bird & Voisin, 2011;Chaudoir & Fisher, 2010;Chaudoir et al, 2011;Mayfield Arnold et al, 2008;Serovich et al, 2008) and stigma (Bos et al, 2013;Earnshaw & Chaudoir, 2009;Mahajan et al, 2008). However, although most research has focused on the broader process of increasing one's disclosure levels from none or few confidants to the entire social network, the existing theoretical models interpreted all empirical evidence in terms of causes and consequences of single disclosure events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advancing methodology in the study of HIV status disclosure: The importance of considering disclosure target and intent

Dima

Stutterheim

Lyimo

et al. 2014

Social Science & Medicine

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Advancing methodology in the study of HIV status disclosure: The importance of considering disclosure target and intent Dima, A.L.; Stutterheim, S.E.; Lyimo, R.; de Bruin, M. General rightsIt is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulationsIf you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: http://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. Acknowledgements:The authors appreciatively acknowledge the financial assistance from RVVZ from the Netherlands, the participation of PLWH in our target group, and the cooperation of the management in the ART clinics where we conducted the study. Abstract:Disclosure of HIV status has been the focus of three decades of research, which have revealed its complex relations to many behaviors involved in HIV prevention and treatment, and exposed its central role in managing the HIV epidemic. The causes and consequences of disclosure acts have recently been the subject of several theoretical models. Although it is acknowledged that individual disclosure events are part of a broader process of disclosing one's HIV status to an increasing number of people, this process has received less theoretical attention. In quantitative studies of disclosure, researchers have often implicitly assumed that disclosure is a single unidimensional process appropriately measured via the total number of one's disclosure acts. However, there is also evidence that disclosure may have different causes and consequences depending on the types of actors involved (e.g. family members, friends) and on the presence or absence of the discloser's intention, suggesting that the unidimensionality assumption may not hold. We quantitatively examined the dimensionality of voluntary and involuntary disclosure to different categories of actors, using data collected via structured interviews in the spring of 2010 from 158 people living with HIV in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. For voluntary disclosure, nonparametric item response analyses identified two multi-category clusters, family and community, and two single-category dimensions, partner and children. Involuntary disclosure consisted of several single-or twocategory dimensions. Correlation analyses between the resulting disclosure dimensions and stigma and social support revealed distinct relationships for each disclosure dimension. Our results suggest that treating disclosure as a unidimensional construct is a simplification of disclosure...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advancing methodology in the study of HIV status disclosure: The importance of considering disclosure target and intent

Dima

Stutterheim

Lyimo

et al. 2014

Social Science & Medicine

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“…Shame is one psychological experience an individual may have as a result of internalized stigma, and several studies in the literature have demonstrated these constructs to be separate, but related (Cunningham et al, 2002;Duffy, 2005;Fortenberry et al, 2002). Studies of HIV-positive adults living in the US have also demonstrated that stigma is associated with poor social support and depressive symptoms (Bairan et al, 2007;Carr and Gramling, 2004;Sowell et al, 1997;Vanable et al, 2006). Thus, we hypothesized internalized stigma would also be moderately negatively correlated (r= −0.3 to −0.5) with social support and mental health.…”

Section: Content and Construct Validity Of Stigma Measurementioning

confidence: 94%

Development and Psychometric Assessment of a Multidimensional Measure of Internalized HIV Stigma in a Sample of HIV-positive Adults

Sayles¹,

Hays

Sarkisian³

et al. 2008

AIDS Behav

168

153

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There is a need for a psychometrically sound measure of the stigma experienced by diverse persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA). The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate a multidimentional measure of internalized HIV stigma that captures stigma related to treatment and other aspects of the disease among sociodemographically diverse PLHA. We developed a 28-item measure of internalized HIV stigma composed of four scales based on previous qualitative work. Internal consistency reliability estimates in a sample of 202 PLHA was 0.93 for the overall measure, and exceeded 0.85 for three of the four stigma scales. Items discriminated well across scales, and correlations of the scales with shame, social support, and mental health supported construct validity. This measure should prove useful to investigators examining in the role of stigma in HIV treatment and health outcomes, and evaluating interventions designed to mitigate the impacts of stigma on PLHA.

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“…According to this model, these two together inform a determined 'disclosure rule' (or more simply, a disclosure decision) i.e. tell my friends (Arnold et al, 2008)' Bairan and colleagues [15] provide a model of HIV disclosure that describes when disclosure is likely to occur/ not occur, as a function of the relationship context (whether the relationship is sexual or non-sexual). According to this model, disclosure within a sexual relationship is likely to occur when the relationship is committed and long term and is significantly less likely to occur when the sexual relationship is casual and short term.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taking into Account the Quality of the Relationship in HIV Disclosure

2016

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This article may not exactly replicate the final version published in the journal 2 Taking into account the quality of the relationship in HIV disclosure AbstractDespite growing interest in HIV disclosure, most theoretical frameworks and empirical studies focus on individual and social factors affecting the process, leaving the contribution of interpersonal factors relatively unexplored. HIV transmission and disclosure often occur within a couple however, and this is where disclosure has the most scope as a HIV transmission intervention. With this in mind, this study explores whether perceived relationship quality influences HIV disclosure outcomes. Ninety-five UK individuals with HIV participated in a crosssectional survey. Retrospective data were collected on their perceived relationship quality prior to disclosing their HIV positive status, and on disclosure outcomes. Perceived relationship quality was found to significantly affect disclosure outcomes. Positive qualities in the relationship were associated with positive outcomes, whereas negative qualities were associated with negative outcomes. Results further confirmed that this association was not merely correlational, but demonstrated predictive power. Relationship quality might act as either a risk or a resilience factor in the disclosure process, and thus warrants greater attention in future research.

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A model of HIV disclosure: Disclosure and types of social relationships

Cited by 73 publications

References 20 publications

Advancing methodology in the study of HIV status disclosure: The importance of considering disclosure target and intent

Advancing methodology in the study of HIV status disclosure: The importance of considering disclosure target and intent

Development and Psychometric Assessment of a Multidimensional Measure of Internalized HIV Stigma in a Sample of HIV-positive Adults

Taking into Account the Quality of the Relationship in HIV Disclosure

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