A ménage à trois: salicylic acid, growth inhibition, and immunity

Pokotylo, Igor; Hodges, Michael; Kravets, V. S.; Ruelland, Éric

doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2021.11.008

Cited by 37 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 93 publications

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“…Salicylic acid (SA), introduced as the "sixth" principal phytohormone only in the early 1990s [19], is one of the key hormones of plant disease resistance [50,51] and can also directly or indirectly affect various physiological processes, including photosynthesis [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing the Role of Foliar Applied Salicylic Acid in Decreasing Chlorophyll Content to Reassess Photosystem II Photoprotection in Crop Plants

Moustakas

Sperdouli

Adamakis

et al. 2022

IJMS

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Salicylic acid (SA), an essential plant hormone, has received much attention due to its role in modulating the adverse effects of biotic and abiotic stresses, acting as an antioxidant and plant growth regulator. However, its role in photosynthesis under non stress conditions is controversial. By chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis, we evaluated the consequences of foliar applied 1 mM SA on photosystem II (PSII) efficiency of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants and estimated the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Tomato leaves sprayed with 1 mM SA displayed lower chlorophyll content, but the absorbed light energy was preferentially converted into photochemical energy rather than dissipated as thermal energy by non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), indicating photoprotective effects provided by the foliar applied SA. This decreased NPQ, after 72 h treatment by 1 mM SA, resulted in an increased electron transport rate (ETR). The molecular mechanism by which the absorbed light energy was more efficiently directed to photochemistry in the SA treated leaves was the increased fraction of the open PSII reaction centers (qp), and the increased efficiency of open reaction centers (Fv’/Fm’). SA induced a decrease in chlorophyll content, resulting in a decrease in non-regulated energy dissipated in PSII (ΦNO) under high light (HL) treatment, suggesting a lower amount of triplet excited state chlorophyll (3Chl*) molecules available to produce singlet oxygen (1O2). Yet, the increased efficiency, compared to the control, of the oxygen evolving complex (OEC) on the donor side of PSII, associated with lower formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), also contributed to less creation of ROS. We conclude that under non stress conditions, foliar applied SA decreased chlorophyll content and suppressed phototoxicity, offering PSII photoprotection; thus, it can be regarded as a mechanism that reduces photoinhibition and photodamage, improving PSII efficiency in crop plants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Harnessing the Role of Foliar Applied Salicylic Acid in Decreasing Chlorophyll Content to Reassess Photosystem II Photoprotection in Crop Plants

Moustakas

Sperdouli

Adamakis

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…The altered endogenous SA levels in plants can result in abnormal growth phenotypes ( Rivas-San Vicente and Plasencia, 2011 ; Pokotylo et al, 2021 ). A high level of endogenous SA induces a stunted stature.…”

Section: Effect Of Sa On Plant Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SA also interacts with other hormones involved in the regulation of cell division and expansion, such as auxin, GA, and ethylene (ET), to modulate plant and organ growth ( Ari et al, 2020 ; Emamverdian et al, 2020 ; Mazzoni-Putman et al, 2021 ; Pokotylo et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Role Of Sa Crosstalk With Other Hormones In the Regulation O...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Action of Salicylic Acid on Plant Growth

Sun

Liu

2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) not only is a well-known signal molecule mediating plant immunity, but also is involved in plant growth regulation. However, while its role in plant immunity has been well elucidated, its action on plant growth has not been clearly described to date. Recently, increasing evidence has shown that SA plays crucial roles in regulating cell division and cell expansion, the key processes that determines the final stature of plant. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the action and molecular mechanisms through which SA regulates plant growth via multiple pathways. It is here highlighted that SA mediates growth regulation by affecting cell division and expansion. In addition, the interactions of SA with other hormones and their role in plant growth determination were also discussed. Further understanding of the mechanism underlying SA-mediated growth will be instrumental for future crop improvement.

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“…The impact of SA on growth and development is well-documented (Carviel et al, 2009;Rivas-San Vicente and Plasencia, 2011; Frontiers in Plant Science | www.frontiersin.org 5 March 2022 | Volume 13 | Article 841688 Carella et al, 2014;van Butselaar and Van den Ackerveken, 2020;Pokotylo et al, 2021); however, the effect of NHP is only starting to be explored (Figure 2). For example, altering free NHP levels by inactivating UGT76B1-mediated glycosylation to NHPG can affect plant growth by decreasing rosette size and biomass (Bauer et al, 2021;Cai et al, 2021;Mohnike et al, 2021).…”

Section: Mechanistic Impact Of Nhp On Plant Growth and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although SA is typically known as a defense hormone, it also affects plant growth and development ( Figure 2 ) independently and/or via crosstalk with other hormones and signaling molecules ( van Butselaar and Van den Ackerveken, 2020 ; Castroverde and Dina, 2021 ; Pokotylo et al, 2021 ; Saleem et al, 2021 ). SA-depleted Arabidopsis NahG transgenic plants are larger, while mutants with constitutively high SA levels such as acd6–1 are dwarfed ( Rivas-San Vicente and Plasencia, 2011 ).…”

Section: Mechanistic Impact Of Sa On Plant Growth and Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxypipecolic Acid at the Fulcrum of the Plant Immunity-Growth Equilibrium

2022

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Salicylic acid (SA) and N-hydroxypipecolic acid (NHP) are two central plant immune signals involved in both resistance at local sites of pathogen infection (basal resistance) and at distal uninfected sites after primary infection (systemic acquired resistance). Major discoveries and advances have led to deeper understanding of their biosynthesis and signaling during plant defense responses. In addition to their well-defined roles in immunity, recent research is emerging on their direct mechanistic impacts on plant growth and development. In this review, we will first provide an overview of how SA and NHP regulate local and systemic immune responses in plants. We will emphasize how these two signals are mutually potentiated and are convergent on multiple aspects—from biosynthesis to homeostasis, and from signaling to gene expression and phenotypic responses. We will then highlight how SA and NHP are emerging to be crucial regulators of the growth-defense balance, showcasing recent multi-faceted studies on their metabolism, receptor signaling and direct growth/development-related host targets. Overall, this article reflects current advances and provides future outlooks on SA/NHP biology and their functional significance as central signals for plant immunity and growth. Because global climate change will increasingly influence plant health and resilience, it is paramount to fundamentally understand how these two tightly linked plant signals are at the nexus of the growth-defense balance.

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A ménage à trois: salicylic acid, growth inhibition, and immunity

Cited by 37 publications

References 93 publications

Harnessing the Role of Foliar Applied Salicylic Acid in Decreasing Chlorophyll Content to Reassess Photosystem II Photoprotection in Crop Plants

Harnessing the Role of Foliar Applied Salicylic Acid in Decreasing Chlorophyll Content to Reassess Photosystem II Photoprotection in Crop Plants

Action of Salicylic Acid on Plant Growth

Salicylic Acid and N-Hydroxypipecolic Acid at the Fulcrum of the Plant Immunity-Growth Equilibrium

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