A Literature Review of the Control Challenges of Distributed Energy Resources Based on Microgrids (MGs): Past, Present and Future

Abstract

Different types of distributed generation (DG) units based on renewable and non-renewable energy sources can create a local energy system in microgrids. The widespread penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) has affected many power system issues, such as the control and operation of these networks. For the optimal operation of microgrids, optimal energy planning and management in the new space governing the distribution system requires extensive research and analysis. Getting acquainted with the latest research about the evaluation of the problems and challenges in the design of control systems plays an important role in providing a guidance map for researchers to find the recent challenges and propose new solutions. This paper tried to list the challenges of distributed generation sources for MG applications, opportunities, and solutions. These challenges are reported in hierarchical control strategies and power-sharing categories. Therefore, Model Predictive Control (MPC)-based approaches are reviewed for different recent control levels and power sharing strategies in a comprehensive and simple point of view. The performance comparison of MPC methods together and different allocated fitness functions and implementation algorithms are dedicated. Another hand, the potential of MPC methods to control inverters for increasing the reliability of the grid, which this feature could not be achieved by using conventional strategies, while has not been investigated by researchers widely, is introduced in a short review. Therefore, this paper shows an intersection guidance map for readers to facilitate future research works in these exciting and undiscovered fields.

Possibilities, Challenges, and Future Opportunities of Microgrids: A Review

“…They may be unable to quickly expand to meet a growing population's needs [111]. Expansion issues can make it difficult for microgrids to keep pace with population growth and changing energy demands [112].…”

The nexus of energy in microgrids: A review on communication barriers in distributed networks auxiliary controls

“…The objective of this investigation is to provide an overview of the current state of auxiliary control systems and to identify potential areas for future advancements in this field. Several recent studies have examined different aspects of MGs, with some focusing on MGs administration [32][33][34], while others have delved into the architecture of auxiliary control [35]. Although there is substantial literature on MGs data transmission architecture, this study concentrates on the auxiliary stage of control and the frameworks that support it.…”

A Novel Dynamic Event-Triggered Mechanism for Distributed Secondary Control in Islanded AC Microgrids

“…The secondary control adjusts primary control reference signals to compensate for frequency or voltage deviations. Differentiating (1) and (2)…”

“…Microgrids (MGs) are small-scale power systems consisting of loads, energy storage systems, distributed generations (DGs), and controllers that help in fully utilizing renewable energy [1]. Renewable energy generators represented by photovoltaic (PV) generators have great development potential, and MGs based on PV generators will play an important role [2,3]. Since the output of PV generators is the DC voltage, three phase inverters are needed to connect PV generators to MGs.…”