A Literature Review of Methodologies Used to Assess the Energy Flexibility of Buildings

Lopes, Rui Amaral; Chambel, Adriana; Neves, João C.; Aelenei, Daniel; Martins, João

doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.06.274

Cited by 67 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Progressively decreasing prices for sensing, communication, and computing devices will open up possibilities for improved controls for demand response (DR) as future management systems will be more affordable. A number of studies have investigated the building energy flexibility with a special focus on building heating systems [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. In those studies, DR measures have been applied to electric heating systems, such as heat pump systems or direct electric heating systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation Method for the Hourly Average CO2eq. Intensity of the Electricity Mix and Its Application to the Demand Response of Residential Heating

Clauß

Stinner

Solli³

et al. 2019

Energies

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This work introduces a generic methodology to determine the hourly average CO2eq. intensity of the electricity mix of a bidding zone. The proposed method is based on the logic of input–output models and avails the balance between electricity generation and demand. The methodology also takes into account electricity trading between bidding zones and time-varying CO2eq. intensities of the electricity traded. The paper shows that it is essential to take into account electricity imports and their varying CO2eq. intensities for the evaluation of the CO2eq. intensity in Scandinavian bidding zones. Generally, the average CO2eq. intensity of the Norwegian electricity mix increases during times of electricity imports since the average CO2eq. intensity is normally low because electricity is mainly generated from hydropower. Among other applications, the CO2eq. intensity can be used as a penalty signal in predictive controls of building energy systems since ENTSO-E provides 72 h forecasts of electricity generation. Therefore, as a second contribution, the demand response potential for heating a single-family residential building based on the hourly average CO2eq. intensity of six Scandinavian bidding zones is investigated. Predictive rule-based controls are implemented into a building performance simulation tool (here IDA ICE) to study the influence that the daily fluctuations of the CO2eq. intensity signal have on the potential overall emission savings. The results show that control strategies based on the CO2eq. intensity can achieve emission reductions, if daily fluctuations of the CO2eq. intensity are large enough to compensate for the increased electricity use due to load shifting. Furthermore, the results reveal that price-based control strategies usually lead to increased overall emissions for the Scandinavian bidding zones as the operation is shifted to nighttime, when cheap carbon-intensive electricity is imported from the continental European power grid.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation Method for the Hourly Average CO2eq. Intensity of the Electricity Mix and Its Application to the Demand Response of Residential Heating

Clauß

Stinner

Solli³

et al. 2019

Energies

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“…The modeling carried out in this work is based on the method for assessing the DR potential from space heating demand in buildings by allowing exclusively for upward variations from a set-point indoor temperature. However, other methods can be used to assess the energy flexibility of buildings, as reviewed by Lopes et al [52]. One such method, which allows for both downward and upward variations of the temperature around the set-point temperature, while having a penalty cost that depends on the degree of the deviation, was applied in the study of Nyholm et al [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexibility Potential of Space Heating Demand Response in Buildings for District Heating Systems

et al. 2019

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Using an integrated demand-supply optimization model, this work investigates the potential for flexible space heating demand, i.e., demand response (DR), in buildings, as well as its effects on the heating demand and the operation of a district heating (DH) system. The work applies a building stock description, including both residential and non-residential buildings, and employs a representation of the current DH system of the city of Gothenburg, Sweden as a case study. The results indicate that space heating DR in buildings can have a significant impact on the cost-optimal heat supply of the city by smoothing variations in the system heat demand. DR implemented via indoor temperature deviations of as little as +1 °C can smoothen the short-term (daily) fluctuations in the system heating demand by up to 18% over a period of 1 year. The smoothening of the demand reduces the cost of heat generation, in that the heat supply and number of full-load hours of base-load heat generation units increase, while the number of starts for the peaking units decreases by more than 80%. DR through temperature deviations of +3 °C confers diminishing returns in terms of its effects on the heat demand, as compared to the DR via +1 °C.

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“…Joint assessments of efficiency and flexibility measures are largely absent from the literature on national and regional energy demand, despite the need to understand potential trade-offs and synergies between the two approaches [13]. Recent work places a strong focus on quantifying the flexible potential of buildings at an aggregate level without directly addressing the role of efficiency within the proposed methodologies [20][21][22]. Studies that do examine both energy efficiency and flexibility either rely on outdated baseline datasets and proprietary forecasts, place a limited focus on peak demand impacts [23], or otherwise afford only qualitative descriptions of the relative impacts of efficiency and flexibility on electricity demand, their possible interactions, and related integration opportunities [24][25][26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the time-sensitive impacts of energy efficiency and flexibility in the US building sector

Satre-Meloy

Langevin

2019

Environ. Res. Lett.

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The building sector consumes 75% of US electricity, offering substantial energy, cost, and CO 2 emissions savings potential. New technologies enable buildings to flexibly manage electric loads across different times of day and season in support of a low-cost, low-carbon electric grid. Assessing the value of such technologies requires an understanding of building electric load variability at a higher temporal resolution than is demonstrated in previous studies of US building efficiency potential. We adapt Scout, an open-access model of US building energy use, to characterize sub-annual variations in baseline building electricity use, costs, and emissions at the national scale. We apply this baseline in time-sensitive analyses of the energy, cost, and CO 2 emissions savings potential of various degrees of energy efficiency and flexibility, finding that efficiency continues to have strong value in a timesensitive assessment framework while the value of flexibility depends on assumed electricity rates, measure magnitude and duration, and the amount of savings already captured by efficiency.

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A Literature Review of Methodologies Used to Assess the Energy Flexibility of Buildings

Cited by 67 publications

References 3 publications

Evaluation Method for the Hourly Average CO2eq. Intensity of the Electricity Mix and Its Application to the Demand Response of Residential Heating

Evaluation Method for the Hourly Average CO2eq. Intensity of the Electricity Mix and Its Application to the Demand Response of Residential Heating

Flexibility Potential of Space Heating Demand Response in Buildings for District Heating Systems

Assessing the time-sensitive impacts of energy efficiency and flexibility in the US building sector

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