A Large Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Astrovirus among Students and Teachers in Osaka, Japan

Oishi, Isao; Yamazaki, Kenji; Kimoto, Tatsuo; Minekawa, Y; Utagawa, Etsuko; Yamazaki, Shudo; Inouye, Sakae; Grohmann, Gary; Monroe, Stephan S.; Stine, S. E.

doi:10.1093/infdis/170.2.439

Cited by 159 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Outbreaks of astrovirus gastroenteritis have been reported for young adults, including military recruits (2), students, teachers (28), and children (25). Astrovirus and other gastroenteric virus infections can occur in immunocompromised children (5,30), such as those undergoing bone marrow transplantation (6,37), those with severe combined immunodeficiency (4), those with T-cell immunodeficiency in cartilage hair hypoplasia (10,36), or those with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS (18).…”

Section: An Outbreak Of Astrovirus Gastroenteritis Occurred In the Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of a Heminested Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Detection of Astrovirus in Environmental Swabs from an Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in a Pediatric Primary Immunodeficiency Unit

Gallimore¹,

Taylor²,

Gennery

et al. 2005

J Clin Microbiol

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An outbreak of astrovirus gastroenteritis occurred in the Primary Immunodeficiency Unit at Newcastle General Hospital in March 2004. Environmental swabbing of the unit was undertaken after the outbreak, with multiple sites swabbed pre- and postcleaning. Astroviruses were detected in four environmental swabs and from two patient fecal samples using heminested reverse transcriptase PCR. An astrovirus genotype 3 strain was identified in both environmental swabs and fecal specimens and was the strain identified as being responsible for the outbreak. Environmental transmission of the virus was thought to have occurred by contamination of a syringe pump outside the laminar-flow curtain of a patient who was admitted with astrovirus gastroenteritis. This was subsequently transmitted to a cubicle next door and to a television/games console in a parents' room in the ward. Environmental monitoring of surfaces/equipment, using PCR assays for gastroenteric viruses in hospital situations where infection can give rise to serious clinical complications, may have a role in controlling and monitoring cleaning and the subsequent prevention of nosocomial transmission of gastroenteritis.

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Section: An Outbreak Of Astrovirus Gastroenteritis Occurred In the Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of a Heminested Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Detection of Astrovirus in Environmental Swabs from an Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in a Pediatric Primary Immunodeficiency Unit

Gallimore¹,

Taylor²,

Gennery

et al. 2005

J Clin Microbiol

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“…Human astrovirus 1 (HAstV1) to HAstV8 are an important cause of gastroenteritis in pediatric inpatients and outpatients, HIV-infected and immunocompromised populations, and the elderly (9,10,12,16,21,22,24,28,39,44,48,53,63). In addition, human astroviruses have been associated with sporadic outbreaks of gastroenteritis in immunocompetent adults (4,44,47). As a viral agent of pediatric gastroenteritis, HAstV is reportedly second only to rotavirus (12,44), with a seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies to HAstV1 nearing 90% by the age of 9 (35).…”

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confidence: 99%

Adaptive Immunity Restricts Replication of Novel Murine Astroviruses

Yokoyama

Loh

Zhao

et al. 2012

J Virol

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The mechanisms of astrovirus pathogenesis are largely unknown, in part due to a lack of a small-animal model of disease. Using shotgun sequencing and a custom analysis pipeline, we identified two novel astroviruses capable of infecting research mice, murine astrovirus (MuAstV) STL1 and STL2. Subsequent analysis revealed the presence of at least two additional viruses (MuAstV STL3 and STL4), suggestive of a diverse population of murine astroviruses in research mice. Complete genomic characterization and subsequent phylogenetic analysis showed that MuAstV STL1 to STL4 are members of the mamastrovirus genus and are likely members of a new mamastrovirus genogroup. Using Rag1 ؊/؊ mice deficient in B and T cells, we demonstrate that adaptive immunity is required to control MuAstV infection. Furthermore, using Stat1 ؊/؊ mice deficient in innate signaling, we demonstrate a role for the innate immune response in the control of MuAstV replication. Our results demonstrate that MuAstV STL permits the study of the mechanisms of astrovirus infection and host-pathogen interactions in a genetically manipulable smallanimal model. Finally, we detected MuAstV in commercially available mice, suggesting that these viruses may be present in academic and commercial research mouse facilities, with possible implications for interpretation of data generated in current mouse models of disease.

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“…Human astroviruses (HAstV) are a frequent causal agent of gastroenteritis in children worldwide (5,10,12,14,24,27,28,35,38), although they have also been associated with the elderly (4,29,34). Eight serotypes have been described, with serotype 1 (HAstV-1) being the most globally prevalent (12,14,18,27,28,33,36).…”

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confidence: 99%

Structural Requirements of Astrovirus Virus-Like Particles Assembled in Insect Cells

Caballero¹,

Guix²,

Ribes

et al. 2004

J Virol

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Expression of the complete ORF2 of human astrovirus serotype 1 (HAstV-1) in the baculovirus system led to the formation of virus-like particles (VLPs) of around 38 nm. The same kind of VLPs were also obtained either with the expression of a truncated form of ORF2 lacking the first 70 amino acids (aa), or with the same truncated form in which those 70 aa were replaced by the green fluorescent protein. All three kinds of VLPs were equally recognized by an anti-HAstV-1 polyclonal antibody and by two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs; 8E7 and 5B7), indicating a nonessential role of those amino acids neither in the capsid assembly nor in the antigen structure. A second type of structure consisting of 16-nm ring-like units was observed in all of the cases, mostly after disassembling the 38-nm VLPs through the addition of EDTA. The removal of the EDTA and the addition of Mg 2؉ ions promoted the reassembly of the 38-nm VLPs. The nature of these 16-nm ring-like structures, capsomers or T ‫؍‬ 1 VLPs, still remains unclear. Biochemical analysis revealed no differences between the 38-nm VLPs and the 16-nm structures, whereas antigenically, they shared the 8E7 MAb epitope but differed in the 5B7 MAb epitope, with the latter structures being more readily recognized.Human astroviruses (HAstV) are a frequent causal agent of gastroenteritis in children worldwide (5,10,12,14,24,27,28,35,38), although they have also been associated with the elderly (4, 29, 34). Eight serotypes have been described, with serotype 1 (HAstV-1) being the most globally prevalent (12,14,18,27,28,33,36). Astroviruses are nonenveloped viruses whose capsid is around 28 to 41 nm in diameter and contains a plus-sense single-stranded RNA of around 6.9 kb organized in three open reading frames (ORFs) (20,32,37). ORF1a and ORF1b encode the nonstructural proteins (19,21,22), whereas ORF2 encodes the structural proteins through a subgenomic RNA (25). ORF2 of HAstV-1 encodes a polyprotein of 787 amino acids (aa) in length, with a molecular mass of around 87 kDa (26), which is the precursor of the smaller 24-to 26-kDa, 29-to 31-kDa, and 32-to 34-kDa structural proteins (1,3,26). The proteolytical processing from the precursor to the mature structural proteins is still very controversial, and to date, three different models have been proposed (1,13,23). In the first model, Bass and Qiu (1) proposed an intracellular processing of the precursor polyprotein at the amino terminus between residues 70(R) and 71(K) before capsid assembly, with this capsid being further processed extracellularly by the action of trypsin and giving the above-mentioned mature proteins. In subsequent studies, the intracellular processing of this model was refused (13), with the complete precursor being the assembly unit. Later on, Méndez and colleagues (23) proposed a third model in which the structural precursor of HAstV-8 is intracellularly processed at the carboxy terminus prior to its assembly into the capsid, although the cleavage site has not yet been identified.The expression of the genomes en...

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A Large Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis Associated with Astrovirus among Students and Teachers in Osaka, Japan

Cited by 159 publications

References 11 publications

Use of a Heminested Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Detection of Astrovirus in Environmental Swabs from an Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in a Pediatric Primary Immunodeficiency Unit

Use of a Heminested Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assay for Detection of Astrovirus in Environmental Swabs from an Outbreak of Gastroenteritis in a Pediatric Primary Immunodeficiency Unit

Adaptive Immunity Restricts Replication of Novel Murine Astroviruses

Structural Requirements of Astrovirus Virus-Like Particles Assembled in Insect Cells

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