A high-protein, moderate-energy, regular cheesy snack is energetically compensated in human subjects

Abstract

Snacking is often regarded as a cause of overweight. However, the main issue is to determine whether the consumption of snacks leads to an increase in energy intake or whether a compensation phenomenon exists and maintains daily energy intake at a constant level. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the repeated consumption of a high-protein, moderate-energy, cheesy snack given as a preload 1 h before a meal altered energy intake at the next meal and then throughout the day, and if this kind of snack was energetically compensated. Normal-weight women (n 27) were recruited for the study. All subjects were healthy non-smokers, aged 18 -60 years. The snacks consisted of portions of cheese containing 22 g protein, with an energy value of 836 kJ. Two types of snack were compared, differing in terms of the type of milk proteins they contained: the first contained casein only (CAS), while the second contained a mixture of casein and whey proteins (WHEY þ CAS; 2:1). The principal finding of the present study was that the ingestion of the two snacks 1 h before lunch led to energy compensation of 83·1 (SEM 9·4) and 67·0 (SEM 16·4) % for WHEY þ CAS and CAS respectively, at lunch, and 121·6 (SEM 36·5) and 142·1 (SEM 29·7) % for WHEY þ CAS and CAS respectively, regarding the whole-day energy intake. In conclusion, the repeated consumption of a high-protein, moderate-energy, regular cheesy snack should not promote overweight because energy intake appears to be regulated during subsequent meals on the same day. Satiety: Snacks: Protein: Cheese: WheyThe effect of snacks on energy intake and body weight is still matter of debate. The issue is to determine whether the consumption of snacks leads to an increase in energy intake, meaning that the energy provided by snacks is added to daily energy intake, or if a compensation phenomenon occurs because individuals unconsciously tend to consume less energy during the meal after a snack (1,2) . Moreover, in case of compensation, it is interesting to see if it is a full compensation resulting in a constant daily energy intake or a partial compensation, observed when the reduction of energy intake at the test meal is lower than the energy of the snack. Obviously, this effect can be modulated by several factors, including the amount of energy provided by the snack, its nutritional composition and whether the individual is used to consuming snacks or not.In most studies using a preload paradigm, the energy value of the preload is between 1200 and 3000 kJ; this is relatively high, as it provides more energy than the usual mean energy contribution of snacks (3)

Associations between dairy consumption and body weight: a review of the evidence and underlying mechanisms

“…No differences were observed in energy intake 25 min after the dairy beverage consumption Dove et al (2009) (208) A randomised cross-over study; thirteen men and thirty-four women Stimuli: a fixed breakfast with either 600 ml skimmed milk or 600 ml fruit juice (1062 kJ) provided 4 h before an ad libitum lunch The mean energy intake at lunch was 2432 (95 % CI 2160, 2704) and 2658 (95 % CI 2386, 2930) kJ after consumption of the skimmed milk and fruit juice, respectively, with the mean difference being 8·5 % (P, 0·05) Potier et al (2009) (209) A within-subjects design; twenty-seven women Stimuli: a cheesy snack containing 22 g protein (casein) (836 kJ), a cheesy snack (whey þ casein, 2:1) (836 kJ) ingested 60 min before an ad libitum lunch…”

Milk Proteins in the Regulation of Body Weight, Satiety, Food Intake and Glycemia

“…Satiety has been reported after consumption of dairy foods such as nonfat milk [21], chocolate milk [22], high protein cheese [23], and low-fat yogurt [24]. While increased satiety translated into reduced ad libitum energy intake in some of these studies [21]; it failed to do so in others [22,24], but did not result in higher energy intake compared to control conditions [23]. These observations can be attributed to the amount of preload, protein content and time of measurement of food intake.…”

“…These observations can be attributed to the amount of preload, protein content and time of measurement of food intake. Consumption of 600 ml of milk (21 g protein) at breakfast prior to lunch 4 h later resulted in reduced food intake at lunch [21], and a cheese snack (22 g protein) containing either casein or a mixture of casein and whey proteins 1 h before lunch resulted in partial energy compensation at lunch and full energy compensation over 24 h [23]. However, a study investigating the effects of 200-kcal preloads consisting of semisolid yogurt (17.1 g protein), liquid yogurt (17.1 g protein), dairy fruit beverage (2.6 g protein) and fruit drink (0 g protein) prior to a lunch 90 min later did not lead to energy compensation [24].…”

Consuming High-Protein Soy Snacks Affects Appetite Control, Satiety, and Diet Quality in Young People and Influences Select Aspects of Mood and Cognition

“…Studies in adults have illustrated reductions in hunger, increases in satiety, and/or reductions in daily intake after the consumption of high-protein (HP) snacks compared with no snacking or consuming HF and/or high-carbohydrate snacks (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). Thus, the primary objective of this study was to extend the current findings to determine whether an HP afternoon snack improves appetite control, satiety, and reward-driven eating behavior compared with an HF snack or no snacking in normalto-overweight adolescents.…”