A General and Efficient Approach for the Dual-Scale Infiltration Flow Balancing in In Situ Injection Molding of Continuous Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites

Abstract

In situ injection molding of continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites is challenged by unbalanced dual-scale infiltration flow due to the pronounced capillary effect. In this paper, a general and efficient approach was proposed for dual-scale infiltration flow balancing based on numerical simulation. Specifically, Stokes and Brinkman equations were used to describe the infiltration flow in inter- and intra-fiber bundles. In particular, capillary pressure drop was integrated in the Brinkmann equation to consider the capillary effect. The infiltration flow front is tracked by the level set method. Numerical simulation and experimental results indicate that the numerical model can accurately demonstrate the unbalanced infiltration flow in inter- and intra-fiber bundles caused by the changes of the injection rate, the resin viscosity, the injection rate, the fiber volume fraction and the capillary number. In addition, the infiltration flow velocity in inter- and intra-fiber bundles can be efficiently tuned by the capillary number, which is mainly determined by the injection rate for a specified resin system. The optimal capillary numbers obtained by simulation and experiment are 0.022 and 0.026, which are very close to each other. Finally, one-dimensional in situ injection molding experiments with constant injection pressure were conducted to prepare fiber reinforced polymerized cyclic butylene terephthalate composite laminate with various flow rates along the infiltration direction. The experimental results confirmed that the lowest porosity and the highest interlaminar shear strength of the composite can only be obtained with the optimized capillary number, which is basically consistent with the simulation results.

An Overview of the Measurement of Permeability of Composite Reinforcements

“…So as shown in Figure 2 c, micro-void defects are expected. Although it is quite difficult to evaluate this complex dual-scale flow, several works have been conducted to study this phenomenon [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ]. In the macro-scale approach, the global flow is considered with an average value of fluid velocity and permeability.…”