A GABAergic projection from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the nucleus of the solitary tract: a combined anterograde tracing and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study

Saha, Sikha; Batten, Trevor; Henderson, Z.

doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00240-2

Cited by 127 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 77 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

107

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This finding is consistent with the different embryological origins of the two nuclei (214,269). Finally, as with the majority of cells in the striatum, projections from the central nuclei are predominantly GABAergic while the basolateral nuclei have glutamatergic projections (42,244,269).…”

Section: A Morphologysupporting

confidence: 84%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology

Sah

Faber

Armentia

et al. 2003

Physiological Reviews

1,444

1,336

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Sah, P., E. S. L. Faber, M. Lopez de Armentia, and J. Power. The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology. Physiol Rev 83: 803–834, 2003; 10.1152/physrev.00002.2003.—A converging body of literature over the last 50 years has implicated the amygdala in assigning emotional significance or value to sensory information. In particular, the amygdala has been shown to be an essential component of the circuitry underlying fear-related responses. Disorders in the processing of fear-related information are likely to be the underlying cause of some anxiety disorders in humans such as posttraumatic stress. The amygdaloid complex is a group of more than 10 nuclei that are located in the midtemporal lobe. These nuclei can be distinguished both on cytoarchitectonic and connectional grounds. Anatomical tract tracing studies have shown that these nuclei have extensive intranuclear and internuclear connections. The afferent and efferent connections of the amygdala have also been mapped in detail, showing that the amygdaloid complex has extensive connections with cortical and subcortical regions. Analysis of fear conditioning in rats has suggested that long-term synaptic plasticity of inputs to the amygdala underlies the acquisition and perhaps storage of the fear memory. In agreement with this proposal, synaptic plasticity has been demonstrated at synapses in the amygdala in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In this review, we examine the anatomical and physiological substrates proposed to underlie amygdala function.

show abstract

Section: A Morphologysupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Large numbers of neurons in the medial subdivision of the central nucleus and medial nucleus are GABAergic, and these projections from the central nucleus have been suggested to be inhibitory (209,244). Functionally, activation of CeA neurons in the rat results in rises in blood pressure and heart rate.…”

Section: Efferent Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology

Sah

Faber

Armentia

et al. 2003

Physiological Reviews

1,444

1,336

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…If most of these neurons are, in fact, inhibitory, then caudal orbitofrontal cortices could have tight control of the internal processing of the amygdala. The Ce nucleus issues inhibitory projections to the hypothalamus and brainstem (Jongen-Relo and Amaral, 1998;Saha et al, 2000), suggested also by our ¢ndings that CB positive neurons projected to the hypothalamus. Upon activation through massive orbitofrontal projections, intercalated neurons can suppress activity in the Ce nucleus and release its inhibitory output to the hypothalamus and brainstem.…”

Section: Autonomic Related Pathways In the Prefrontal^amygdaloid Axissupporting

confidence: 63%

Pathways for emotion: interactions of prefrontal and anterior temporal pathways in the amygdala of the rhesus monkey

2002

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

AbstractöThe amygdala has been implicated in processing information about the emotional signi¢cance of the environment and in the expression of emotions, through robust pathways with prefrontal, anterior temporal areas, and central autonomic structures. We investigated the anatomic organization and intersection of these pathways in the amygdala in rhesus monkeys with the aid of bidirectional, retrograde and anterograde tracers. Connections of the amygdala with orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal areas were robust and bidirectional, whereas connections with lateral prefrontal areas were sparse, unidirectional and ascending. Orbitofrontal axons terminated densely in a narrow band around the borders of the magnocellular basolateral nucleus, surrounded by projection neurons along a continuum through the nuclei of the basal complex. In contrast, the input and output zones of medial prefrontal areas were intermingled in the amygdala. Moreover, medial prefrontal axonal terminations were expansive, spreading into the parvicellular basolateral nucleus, which is robustly connected with hypothalamic autonomic structures, suggesting that they may in£uence the expressive emotional system of the amygdala. On the other hand, orbitofrontal axons heavily targeted the intercalated masses, which issue inhibitory projections to the central nucleus, at least in rats and cats. The central nucleus, in turn, issues a signi¢cant inhibitory projection to hypothalamic and brainstem autonomic structures. This evidence suggests that orbitofrontal areas exercise control on the internal processing of the amygdala. In addition, the results provided direct evidence that the connections of anterior temporal visual and auditory association cortices occupy overlapping territories with the orbitofrontal cortices particularly in the posterior half of the amygdala, and speci¢cally within the intermediate sector of the basolateral nucleus and in the magnocellular part of the basomedial nucleus (also known as accessory basal), suggesting a closely linked triadic network. This intricate network may be recruited in cognitive tasks that are inextricably linked with emotional associations.

show abstract

“…The amygdala has anatomical projections to autonomic cardiovascular control sites, including the parabrachial nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, RVLM, and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (4,11,34,35) and has been shown to receive baroreceptor input (3). Previously, electrical stimulation of the amygdala in rats produced hypotension associated with the inhibition of presympathetic neurons in the RVLM (16).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forebrain neural patterns associated with sex differences in autonomic and cardiovascular function during baroreceptor unloading

Kimmerly¹,

Wong²,

Menon³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Kimmerly DS, Wong S, Menon R, Shoemaker JK. Forebrain neural patterns associated with sex differences in autonomic and cardiovascular function during baroreceptor unloading. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292: R715-R722, 2007. First published July 6, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00366.2006-Generally, women demonstrate smaller autonomic and cardiovascular reactions to stress, compared with men. The mechanism of this sex-dependent difference is unknown, although reduced baroreflex sensitivity may be involved. Recently, we identified a cortical network associated with autonomic cardiovascular responses to baroreceptor unloading in men. The current investigation examined whether differences in the neural activity patterns within this network were related to sex-related physiological responses to lower body negative pressure (LBNP,5,15, and 35 mmHg). Forebrain activity in healthy men and women (n ϭ 8 each) was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast. Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were collected on a separate day. Men had larger decreases in SV than women (P Ͻ 0.01) during 35 mmHg LBNP only. At 35 mmHg LBNP, HR increased more in males then females (9 Ϯ 1 beats/min vs. 4 Ϯ 1 beats/min, P Ͻ 0.05). Compared with women, increases in total MSNA were similar at 15 mmHg LBNP but greater during 35 mmHg LBNP in men [1,067 Ϯ 123 vs. 658 Ϯ 103 arbitrary units (au), P Ͻ 0.05]. BOLD signal changes (P Ͻ 0.005, uncorrected) were identified within discrete forebrain regions associated with these sex-specific HR and MSNA responses. Men had larger increases in BOLD signal within the right insula and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex than women. Furthermore, men demonstrated greater BOLD signal reductions in the right amygdala, left insula, ventral anterior cingulate, and ventral medial prefrontal cortex vs. women. The greater changes in forebrain activity in men vs. women may have contributed to the elevated HR and sympathetic responses observed in men during 35 mmHg LBNP. autonomic nervous system; baroreflex; microneurography; functional neuroimaging THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES to a reduction in central blood volume involve baroreflex-mediated increases in heart rate (HR) and vascular resistance to adequately maintain arterial pressure and cerebral perfusion. Compared with men, reduced orthostatic tolerance has been observed in women (7,18), and this has been associated with differential (14, 36) autonomic and cardiovascular responses to baroreceptor unloading. In general, women respond to an orthostatic challenge with a greater HR increase, whereas men have larger increases in sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity and vascular resistance. The underlying mechanisms responsible for these varied responses are unclear but may be influenced by differences in the central processing and modulation of baroreceptor afferent information.Although the medulla oblongata remains the primary regulatory site of cardiovascular functi...

show abstract

A GABAergic projection from the central nucleus of the amygdala to the nucleus of the solitary tract: a combined anterograde tracing and electron microscopic immunohistochemical study

Cited by 127 publications

References 77 publications

The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology

The Amygdaloid Complex: Anatomy and Physiology

Pathways for emotion: interactions of prefrontal and anterior temporal pathways in the amygdala of the rhesus monkey

Forebrain neural patterns associated with sex differences in autonomic and cardiovascular function during baroreceptor unloading

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About