A Fully Implantable Pacemaker for the Mouse: From Battery to Wireless Power

Laughner, Jacob I.; Marrus, Scott B.; Zellmer, Erik R.; Weinheimer, Carla J.; MacEwan, Matthew R.; Cui, Sophia; Nerbonne, Jeanne M.; Efimov, Igor R.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076291

Cited by 33 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…[ 3,7 ] Optogenetics has been widely used in neuroscience field since its development and recently the cardiovascular community demonstrates strong potential of optogenetics for treatment of heart diseases. [ 8,9 ] Although conventional electrical pacing is essential in treating cardiac arrhythmia and heart failure, [ 10–13 ] optogenetic cardiac stimulation offers additional functionality in stimulating cardiomyocytes, neurons, endothelial, and other cell subtypes. Genetic optical reporter genes and endogenous fluorophores provide the technological foundation for optical monitoring of various cellular parameters such as metabolism, intracellular calcium concentration, and transmembrane potential.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Flexible Biointerfaces for Simultaneous Colocalized Optophysiology and Electrophysiology

Obaid

Yin

Tian

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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Recent developments in optophysiology techniques such as optogenetics have revolutionized the ability to actuate cell activity. Further combining optophysiology and electrophysiology will integrate the advantages from both optical and electrical modalities and yield enabling technologies that allow simultaneous monitoring of cellular activity in response to modulation, which are crucial for biomedical applications. However, multifunctional devices that can deliver optical stimuli to regions beneath the electrodes and perform simultaneous sensing remain largely unexplored. Existing transparent microelectrode technologies depend on external bulk optical instruments for optical interventions. Here, innovative monolithic integrated multifunctional microsystems are demonstrated by applying transparent nanogrid electrodes onto microscale light sources to permit simultaneous electrophysiology and optical modulation at the same anatomical site. The nanogrid electrodes have transmittances > 70% with a low normalized impedance of 5.9 Ω cm2. Additional features of the devices include superior mechanical flexibility, minimized light‐induced electrical artifacts, and excellent biocompatibility. Ex vivo experiments demonstrate that the multifunctional devices can record abnormal heart rhythm in transgenic mouse hearts and simultaneously restore the sinus rhythm via optogenetic pacing. This work provides a versatile approach for constructing multifunctional colocalized biointerfaces containing crosstalk‐free optical and electrical modalities with expanded opportunities in both fundamental and applied biomedical research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctional Flexible Biointerfaces for Simultaneous Colocalized Optophysiology and Electrophysiology

Obaid

Yin

Tian

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

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“…The control architecture of a wirelessly powered system is fundamental to its application in implantable devices. The control circuitry of most inductive power transfer systems is positioned within the stimulating unit, thus requiring continuous power delivery [16]- [30]. Two approaches have been sought to address this architecture: (1) direct wireless power transfer or (2) battery-based power delivery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wireless power transfer via electromagnetic induction (nearfield) has also been established as a means to achieving a leadless system, but with a compromise in device size while aiming to maintain power transfer efficiency and meeting Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) limits [16]- [24]. A large device prevents implant feasibility within anatomical confines, and exceeding SAR limits results in life-threatening tissue heating and damage.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Novel Approach for Wireless Stimulation

Abiri

Yousefi

Abiri

et al. 2020

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

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The elimination of integrated batteries in biomedical implants holds great promise for improving health outcomes in patients with implantable devices. However, despite extensive research in wireless power transfer, achieving efficient power transfer and effective operational range have remained a hindering challenge within anatomical constraints. Objective: We hereby demonstrate an intravascular wireless and batteryless microscale stimulator, designed for (1) low power dissipation via intermittent transmission and (2) reduced fixation mechanical burden via deployment to the anterior cardiac vein (ACV, ~3.8 mm in diameter). Methods: We introduced a unique coil design circumferentially confined to a 3 mm diameter hollow-cylinder that was driven by a novel transmitter-based control architecture with improved power efficiency. Results: We examined wireless capacity using heterogenous bovine tissue, demonstrating >5 V stimulation threshold with up to 20 mm transmitter-receiver displacement and 20 o of misalignment. Feasibility for human use was validated using Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation of the cardiac cycle, guided by pacer phantom-integrated Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI). Conclusion: This system design thus enabled sufficient wireless power transfer in the face of extensive stimulator miniaturization. Significance: Our successful feasibility studies demonstrated the capacity for minimally invasive deployment and low-risk fixation. Index Terms-wireless medical devices, wireless pacemaker, inductive power transfer, implantable medical devices, implantable cardiovascular devices I. INTRODUCTION MPLANTABLE stimulators, including cardiac pacemakers and neuromodulation devices used for spinal cord, deep brain, and peripheral nerve stimulation, demand the use of device leads for the transmission of power from the pulse generator to the stimulation electrodes. Despite their extensive use, implanted leads can result in a variety of medical complications.

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“…In addition, wires for powering the device and collecting data would still be required. Although completely wireless systems have been used for implantable pacemakers in rodents (Laughner et al, 2013), they require operation within range of transmitter coils, and may lack enough power to operate the whole system.…”

Section: Towards Cardiac Optogenetics In Vivomentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiac applications of optogenetics

Ambrosi

Klimas

Jia

et al. 2014

Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology

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In complex multicellular systems, such as the brain or the heart, the ability to selectively perturb and observe the response of individual components at the cellular level and with millisecond resolution in time, is essential for mechanistic understanding of function. Optogenetics uses genetic encoding of light sensitivity (by the expression of microbial opsins) to provide such capabilities for manipulation, recording, and control by light with cell specificity and high spatiotemporal resolution. As an optical approach, it is inherently scalable for remote and parallel interrogation of biological function at the tissue level; with implantable miniaturized devices, the technique is uniquely suitable for in vivo tracking of function, as illustrated by numerous applications in the brain. Its expansion into the cardiac area has been slow. Here, using examples from published research and original data, we focus on optogenetics applications to cardiac electrophysiology, specifically dealing with the ability to manipulate membrane voltage by light with implications for cardiac pacing, cardioversion, cell communication, and arrhythmia research, in general. We discuss gene and cell delivery methods of inscribing light sensitivity in cardiac tissue, functionality of the light-sensitive ion channels within different types of cardiac cells, utility in probing electrical coupling between different cell types, approaches and design solutions to all-optical electrophysiology by the combination of optogenetic sensors and actuators, and specific challenges in moving towards in vivo cardiac optogenetics.

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A Fully Implantable Pacemaker for the Mouse: From Battery to Wireless Power

Cited by 33 publications

References 12 publications

Multifunctional Flexible Biointerfaces for Simultaneous Colocalized Optophysiology and Electrophysiology

Multifunctional Flexible Biointerfaces for Simultaneous Colocalized Optophysiology and Electrophysiology

A Multi-Dimensional Analysis of a Novel Approach for Wireless Stimulation

Cardiac applications of optogenetics

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