A formamidinium–methylammonium lead iodide perovskite single crystal exhibiting exceptional optoelectronic properties and long-term stability

Li, Wenguang; Rao, Huashang; Chen, Baixue; Wang, Xudong; Kuang, Dai‐Bin

doi:10.1039/c7ta04608a

Cited by 140 publications

(127 citation statements)

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“…Single‐crystalline and thin‐film samples of our mixed‐cation tin perovskite appear black and have great stability in air. Kubicki et al found that black hybrid FA + /GA + lead triiodide perovskite crystals were thermodynamically unstable and became yellow in a few hours; moreover, crystal reorientation was observed in their mother structure (FAPbI 3 ) . Phase transition occurred at room temperature has been reported for FAPbI 3 but not for FASnI 3 because it happened at much lower temperatures (125–150 K) for which the black phase of FASnI 3 is stable at room temperature .…”

Section: Photovoltaic Parameters Of the Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Hybrid Organic Cations to Attain Efficiency Approaching 10%

et al. 2018

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MASnI 3 ) PSC yielded device performance with PCE 5-6%, [9,10] but the devices were unstable and lacked reproducibility due to oxidation of Sn 2+ . To suppress that oxidation, much effort has been exerted to improve the enduring stability of the performance of tin-based PSC, [11][12][13][14][15][16] for example, through changing the electronic structure of perovskite, providing a uniform and close-packed film, introducing hydrogen bonding and a hydrophobic shell, and so forth. [12][13][14]17,18] Formamidinium (FA + ) is larger than MA + . FASnI 3 has a greater energy of formation of Sn vacancies because of weaker coupling between Sn and I; [19] FASnI 3 has thereby a smaller p-type conductivity than MASnI 3 and acts as a semiconductor. Wang et al. [18] studied the interaction of both FASnI 3 and MASnI 3 perovskites with water and concluded that these two cations affect the electronic structure of the oxygen-bonded perovskite lattice; FASnI 3 has a smaller rate of oxidation of Sn 2+ than MASnI 3 . They also suggested that stable Sn-based perovskite devices might be realized through an appropriate choice of organic cation to ensure effective protection against water penetration. [18] As a result, organic cation FA + has been used to make a FASnI 3 or hybrid FA + /MA + device with PCE 4-8%. [20] Moreover, applying large hydrophobic ammonium cations such as butylammonium (BA + ) or phenylethylammonium (PEA + ) within FASnI 3 to develop a quasi-2D [21] or hybrid 2D/3D [12,13,15] PSC was reported to make stable devices with PCE as great as 9.0%. [12] Beyond MA + and FA + , organic cation guanidinium (CH 6 N 3 + , GA), of size ≈278 pm [22] that is slightly larger than that of FA + (≈253 pm) [22] but has zero electric-dipolar moment, might be a suitable candidate for a tin-based PSC. [23,24] The empirical Goldschmidt tolerance factor of GASnI 3 is 1.051; GASnI 3 has a hexagonal geometry with crystal structures of two types, both with large bandgaps: 1.9 eV for the 3D hexagonal structure, space group P63/m, and 2.1 eV for the 2D monoclinic structure, space group P21/n, near 296 K. [25] We applied organic cation precursor GAI mixed with FAI in varied proportions with equimolar SnI 2 precursor in the presence of SnF 2 and ethylenediammonium diiodide (EDAI 2 ) as additives to enhance both the photovoltaic performance and the enduring stability of a tin-based perovskite. As demonstrated at the top of Figure 1, we prepared the tin perovskites according to stoichiometric ratios of their precursors; these prepared perovskites conform to a general expression, The stability of a tin-based perovskite solar cell is a major challenge. Here, hybrid tin-based perovskite solar cells in a new series that incorporate a nonpolar organic cation, guanidinium (GA + ), in varied proportions into the formamidinium (FA + ) tin triiodide perovskite (FASnI 3 ) crystal structure in the presence of 1% ethylenediammonium diiodide (EDAI 2 ) as an additive, are reported. The device performance is optimized at a precursor ratio (GAI:FAI) of 20:80 to atta...

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Section: Photovoltaic Parameters Of the Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricmentioning

confidence: 99%

Robust Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Hybrid Organic Cations to Attain Efficiency Approaching 10%

et al. 2018

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“…It was recently reported that FAPbI3 single crystal and wafer are able to withstand higher temperatures compared to polycrystalline thin films counterparts. 37,89 Although these single-crystals show good photoelectric properties, they have 19 | P a g e poorer thermal stability compared to completely inorganic perovskites 82 due to the presence of volatile organic moieties. Therefore, highly thermostable optoelectronic properties are exhibited by the allinorganic SCPs.…”

Section: Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Single Crystals: The Next Big Wave of Perovskite Optoelectronics

Murali

Kolli

Yin

et al. 2019

ACS Materials Lett.

100

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Contemporary advancements in perovskite semiconductors are visibly impacting the progress of light conversion applications. These alluring photo absorbers have gained wide consideration owing to their simple processing and striking optoelectronic properties. Although polycrystalline perovskite thin films exhibit phenomenal performance in energy harvesting devices, they suffer from severe instabilities arising from morphological disorder and surface degradation under ambient conditions. Recent progress in perovskite single-crystals, which in theory should outperform their polycrystalline thin-film counterparts, has been demonstrated to surmount these challenges due to the exceptional optoelectronic properties, such as low trap density, high mobility, low intrinsic carrier concentration and long carrier diffusion length.However, most of the growth approaches used for single-crystal syntheses produce very thick crystals and 2 | P a g e subsequently, the related optoelectronic applications are very limited. Given the potential of perovskite single crystals, to break a new path for perovskite optoelectronic devices relies on understanding sustainable issues arising from interfacial/integration losses and developing passivation strategies to achieve performance parity in open ambient. Therefore, the current review provides a comprehensive overview of the advantages, limitations, and challenges associated with growth methods of single-crystals and their chemical stability, device configurations, photophysics, charge carrier dynamics and photovoltaic applications. TOC GRAPHICSIn recent years, metal halide perovskites (MHP) have captivated the interest of researchers owing to their engrossing properties and phenomenal performances in numerous optoelectronic devices. In the early 1980s, MAPbX3 (MA = CH3NH3, X = Cl¯, Br¯, I¯) and MASnBrxI3-x-based semiconductors were merely considered to be promising for photovoltaics. 1 Nevertheless, their physical and chemical properties have not been meticulously studied. A turning point in the field occurred in 2009 when Miyasaka first reported a thin film-based solar cell with an efficiency of 3.81% and photovoltage of 0.96 V showing external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 65%. 2 Later, many researchers have contributed for the synthesis and device applications of single-crystal perovskite in solar cells and other optoelectronic applications. 3,4 Moreover, 3 | P a g e single-crystal perovskites (SCPs) are a unique class of materials that have been used as solar radiation absorbers. It should be noted that the MAPbX3 (X = Br ─ , I ─ ) perovskite single crystals possess unprecedented long charge carrier diffusion lengths (10 µm) and a striking low trap density (10 9 to 10 10 cm -3 ). 5 More specifically, under 1 sun illumination, the single-crystals of MAPbI3 achieved diffusion lengths of 175 μm and exceeding 3 mm under weak light for both electrons and holes. [6][7] To achieve an efficient device performance, long-range ordered pattern in a perovskite lattice is desirable to significantly...

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“…Perovskite films are commonly used in metal-halide solar cells with increasingly high PCE, however, the exact mechanism and the detailed structures of the perovskite film are still ambiguous. Consequently, much research has been performed on the stability [5][6][7][8], PCE [9,10], and toxicity [11,12] of the photosensitive film of the perovskite solar cell. In general, the perovskite solar cell is composed of the electrodes, electron transport layer, metal-halide perovskite film, and the hole transport layer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, the perovskite solar cell is composed of the electrodes, electron transport layer, metal-halide perovskite film, and the hole transport layer. To reduce the influence of heterojunctions in solar cells, perovskite structures with single-crystal quality are a good candidate to detect related physic properties, such as giant photostriction [13], long range of electron-hole diffusion [14], structural and optoelectronic characteristics [15], harvesting of below-bandgap light absorption [16], optoelectronic properties [5], and ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties [17]. Moreover, perovskite crystals can also be utilized to detect related novel physical phenomenon, such as the quantification of re-absorption and re-emission processes, to determine photon recycling efficiency [18] and the detection of photons [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Characterizing Techniques in the Fine Structure Observation of Metal Halide Perovskite Crystal

Shen

Liang

et al. 2018

Crystals

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Driven by its appealing application in the energy harvesting industry, metal halide perovskite solar cells are attracting increasing attention from various fields, such as chemistry, materials, physics, and energy-related industries. While the energy conversion efficiency of the perovskite solar cell is being investigated often by various research groups, the relationship between the surface structure and the property is still ambiguous and, therefore, becomes an urgent topic due to its wide application in the real environment. Recently, the fine structure characterization of perovskite crystals has been analysed by varying techniques, such as XRD, synchrotron-based grazing incidence XRD, XAFS, and STM, in addition to others. In this review article, we will summarize recent progresses in the monitoring of fine nanostructures of the surface and crystal structures of perovskite films, mainly by XAFS, XRD, and STM, focusing on the discussion of the relationship between the properties and the stability of perovskite solar cells. Furthermore, a prospective is given for the development of experimental approaches towards fine structure characterization. perovskite crystals. Furthermore, high-performance single-crystal and planar-type photodetector has also been fabricated using single-crystal metal halide perovskite [21], as well as the narrow-band perovskite single-crystal photodetectors [22].It has been acknowledged that perovskite crystals play an important role in the further promotion of perovskite solar cells' performance and industrial usage, as perovskite crystals have the distinct advantage of high controllability. Therefore, using perovskite crystals to solve one of the main issues of instability in perovskite solar cells might be reasonable. The subsequent question, then, is how to determine the crystal quality and characterize the fine structure, accordingly. Presently, there are several state-of-the-art techniques to achieve the structure determination of perovskite crystals, which will, therefore, be discussed and summarized in this review paper. First, we briefly summarize the growth methods of perovskite crystals with considerable discussion on the quality of perovskite crystals, which are investigated mainly by XRD, GIXRD, and XAFS. This covers reports from the literature, in addition to our own work. Secondly, the surface structures of perovskite crystals are investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and are analyzed and compared with reports from the literature. The advantage of STM is that it gives a direct morphology of the perovskite surface with angstrom resolution in real space. Basic Structure of Perovskite CrystalsBefore discussing the approaches of growth of single crystal perovskite, it is worth noting the unit cell of perovskite crystal structure (molecular formula: ABX 3 , as depicted in Figure 1a). There are eight octahedral in one unit cell, where the cation, B, fits into an enclosed octahedral and the cation, A, is situated between the eight octahedral. The stability of the ABX...

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A formamidinium–methylammonium lead iodide perovskite single crystal exhibiting exceptional optoelectronic properties and long-term stability

Abstract: Mixed cation formamidinium–methylammonium perovskite alloy single crystal outstrips the sole cation single crystal in both long-term stability and optoelectronic properties.

Cited by 140 publications

References 49 publications

Robust Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Hybrid Organic Cations to Attain Efficiency Approaching 10%

Robust Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with Hybrid Organic Cations to Attain Efficiency Approaching 10%

Single Crystals: The Next Big Wave of Perovskite Optoelectronics

Emerging Characterizing Techniques in the Fine Structure Observation of Metal Halide Perovskite Crystal

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