2018
DOI: 10.3390/s18051431
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Abstract: Skin penetration is related to efficiencies of drug delivery or ISF extraction. Normally, the macro-electrode is employed in skin permeability promotion and evaluation, which has the disadvantages of easily causing skin damage when using electroporation or reverse iontophoresis by alone; furthermore, it has large measurement error, low sensitivity, and difficulty in integration. To resolve these issues, this paper presents a flexible interdigital microelectrode for evaluating skin penetration by sensing impeda… Show more

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Cited by 14 publications
(10 citation statements)
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“…At this time, a further increase of current intensity makes no significant contribution to the ion migration. In addition, the skin will form microscopic pores at high current density, and the electroporation may open the water-containing channel to increase the penetration of the skin, so as to promote the effect of RI [104]. This method of combining electroporation with RI may achieve a better extraction effect in a shorter extraction time and a smaller current.…”
Section: Reverse Iontophoresis (Ri) Technologymentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…At this time, a further increase of current intensity makes no significant contribution to the ion migration. In addition, the skin will form microscopic pores at high current density, and the electroporation may open the water-containing channel to increase the penetration of the skin, so as to promote the effect of RI [104]. This method of combining electroporation with RI may achieve a better extraction effect in a shorter extraction time and a smaller current.…”
Section: Reverse Iontophoresis (Ri) Technologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This method of combining electroporation with RI may achieve a better extraction effect in a shorter extraction time and a smaller current. Zhao et al [104] suggested that electroporation for 5 min followed by RI for 12 min yielded better results, indicating that the synergistic effect of electroporation and RI could promote skin penetration.…”
Section: Reverse Iontophoresis (Ri) Technologymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…S3, the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin, plays an important role in preventing loss of nutrients, water, and electrolytes in the body and is responsible for the low permeability of the skin; therefore, the SC is considered to be the largest barrier to transdermal ISF extraction. To increase the amount of transdermally extracted ISF, several methods, such as electroporation (32), adjustment of the osmotic pressure (15), and ultrasonic pretreatment (33), were used to promote skin permeability. Electroporation uses a high-voltage pulse to pretreat the skin, thus generating micropores within the skin to promote skin permeability.…”
Section: Thermal Activationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Iontophoresis uses an electrical charge on the skin surface to increase the ISF flow. The applied charge induces the electroosmotic solvent to flow from the anode to the cathode connections [53]. Glucowatch was a commercially available product that utilised iontophoresis to continuously monitor glucose levels via integrated biosensors.…”
Section: Iontophoresismentioning
confidence: 99%