A Dynamic Ultrasound Phantom with Tissue‐Mimicking Mechanical and Acoustic Properties

Abstract

Tissue‐mimicking phantoms are valuable tools that aid in improving the equipment and training available to medical professionals. However, current phantoms possess limited utility due to their inability to precisely simulate multiple physical properties simultaneously, which is crucial for achieving a system understanding of dynamic human tissues. In this work, novel materials design and fabrication processes to produce various tissue‐mimicking materials (TMMs) for skin, adipose, muscle, and soft tissue at a human scale are developed. Target properties (Young's modulus, density, speed of sound, and acoustic attenuation) are first defined for each TMM based on literature. Each TMM recipe is developed, associated mechanical and acoustic properties are characterized, and the TMMs are confirmed to have comparable mechanical and acoustic properties with the corresponding human tissues. Furthermore, a novel sacrificial core to fabricate a hollow, ellipsoid‐shaped bladder phantom complete with inlet and outlet tubes, which allow liquids to flow through and expand this phantom, is adopted. This dynamic bladder phantom with realistic mechanical and acoustic properties to human tissues in combination with the developed skin, soft tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue TMMs, culminates in a human scale torso tank and electro‐mechanical system that can be systematically utilized for characterizing various medical imaging devices.

The Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Tissues during Activities of Daily Living: Dynamic Assessment Using Quantitative Transmission-Mode Ultrasound Techniques

“…Table 1 shows the approximate ultrasound velocity, attenuation, tissue density, and elastic modulus values of muscle, tendon, and bone samples. Cancellous 1517-2892 [185,187,189,190] 4-31 [190] 1.08-1.76 [187,191] 3.0-15.0 [192] Tendon 1637-1938 [143,168,187,193] 2-5 [184,193] 1.06-1.17 [149,168,187] 0.9-2.0 [60,194] Muscle 1545-1631 [183,187,[195][196][197][198] 0-3 [183,[195][196][197][198][199] 1.04-1.18 [183,187,195,196] 0.1-0.4 [8,200]…”