“… Ref. | Substrate | Size | Frequency band (GHz) | Applications | Gain | Radiation efficiency (%) | Proposed method | Operating bands |
[ 2 ] | FR4 (ε r = 4.3) | 0.285λ 0 × 0.188λ 0 × 0.004λ 0 | 1.5–2.8 3.2–6 | GSM, UMTS, LTE, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, lower UWB application | 1.0–4.0 dBi | Not provided | Slots, slits, and DGS | Dual |
[ 50 ] | Rogers RTDuroid5870 (ε r = 2.33) | 0.115λ 0 × 0.128λ 0 × 0.005λ 0 | 1.90–2.25 3.32–3.79 5.14–5.83 7.22–7.78 | UMTS, WLAN, WiMAX, Downlink Satellite System | 3.00–5.32 dBi 3.98–5.22 dBi 3.69–5.52 dBi 3.38–5.52 dBi | 89 | Slits, DGS, reconfigurable diodes | Quad |
[ 51 ] | FR4 (ε r = 4.4) | 0.238λ 0 × 0.3291λ 0 × 0.008λ 0 | 1.43–1.6 1.94–2.1 2.4–2.57 3.45–3.6 | GNSS, UMTS, WLAN, WiMAX | 1.08 dBic 1.38 dBi 0.85 dBi 0.7 dBi | Not provided | Multiple branches technique, DGS, slits, and stub | Quad |
[ 52 ] | FR4 (ε r = 4.4) | 0.237λ 0 × 0.142λ 0 × 0.008λ 0 | 1.42–2.08 3.49–4.13 5.23–7.53 8–9.87 10.7–20 | GSM, WiMAX, WLAN, X-Band, Ku-Band | 2.1–6.5 dBi | Not provided | Stubs and DGS | Penta |
[ 53 ] | FR4 (ε r = 4.4) | 0.271λ 0 × 0.271λ 0 × 0.009λ 0 | 1.69–1.94 3.64–3.88 | GSM, WiMAX | ≈ 2–7 dB | 82–86 | Circular ring and U-shaped slots, and DGS | Dual |
…”