A detailed overview of xylanases: an emerging biomolecule for current and future prospective

Abstract

Xylan is the second most abundant naturally occurring renewable polysaccharide available on earth. It is a complex heteropolysaccharide consisting of different monosaccharides such as l-arabinose, d-galactose, d-mannoses and organic acids such as acetic acid, ferulic acid, glucuronic acid interwoven together with help of glycosidic and ester bonds. The breakdown of xylan is restricted due to its heterogeneous nature and it can be overcome by xylanases which are capable of cleaving the heterogeneous β-1,4-glycoside linkage. Xylanases are abundantly present in nature (e.g., molluscs, insects and microorganisms) and several microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae are used extensively for its production. Microbial xylanases show varying substrate specificities and biochemical properties which makes it suitable for various applications in industrial and biotechnological sectors. The suitability of xylanases for its application in food and feed, paper and pulp, textile, pharmaceuticals, and lignocellulosic biorefinery has led to an increase in demand of xylanases globally. The present review gives an insight of using microbial xylanases as an "Emerging Green Tool" along with its current status and future prospective.

Purification, Identification, and Characterization of an Endo-1,4-β-Xylanase from Wheat Malt

“…Among all matched proteins, A0A3B6MY89, A0A3B6LV77, A0A3B6KNQ8 from wheat had the highest matching degree. All three proteins contained the same domain of the Glycoside Hydrolase Family 10, which was in agreement with previous research, where it was reported that endo-1,4-β-xylanase belonged to the GH10 and GH11 families [21]. Based on the UniProt database blast result, it was found that there were 69, 66, and 48 proteins named endo-1,4-β-xylanase homologous to A0A3B6MY89, A0A3B6LV77, A0A3B6KNQ8, respectively.…”

Optimized Production of Xylanase by Penicillium purpurogenum and Ultrasound Impact on Enzyme Kinetics for the Production of Monomeric Sugars From Pretreated Corn Cobs

“…Penicillium funiculosum Cellulose and wheat bran SMF Mishra et al, 1985 Penicillium canescens 10-10c Wheat straw with xylan SSF Bakri et al, 2003 Penicillium brasilianum IBT 20888 Mixture of cellulose and xylan SMF Jorgensen et al, 2003 Penicillium janthinellum Corncob, corn husk, oat husk, and bagasse SMF Oliveira et al, 2006 Penicillium schelotiorum Oat spelt xylan and wheat bran SSF Knob and Carmona, 2008 Penicillium janczewskii Brewer's spent grain SMF Terrasan et al, 2010 Penicillium oxalicum GZ-2 Wheat straw SMF Liao et al, 2012 Penicillium echinulatum Sorbitol and cellulose SMF Todero et al, 2013 Penicillium chrysogenum Sugar cane bagasse SSF Terrone et al, 2018 overall process and yield are substrate to moisture ratio, pH, temperature, inoculum size and the nutrient source which need to be optimized for higher productivity (Bhardwaj et al, 2019). The conventional optimization method involves changing of each variable at a time, keeping the others constant, that does not consider the interaction effects between the variables (Kannoju et al, 2017).…”

“…Industrially, purified xylan is used as substrate which is found to induce the production of xylanase is uneconomic, and therefore using the substrates rich in xylan are more suitable for the production of xylanase (Bhardwaj et al, 2019). It is also reported that acetylated xylan acts as a good inducer in expressing different patterns of xylanase by P. purpurogenum (Navarrete et al (2012).…”

Rational Engineering A Xylanase Hyper-Producing System in Trichoderma Reesei for Efficient Biomass Degradation

“…Xylan is mainly composed of -xylose, which is linked with β-1,4-glycosidic bonds, and other -galactose and L-arabinose substituent groups, making a complex hetero-polymeric structure [1]. The biodegradation of xylan requires a complex enzyme cocktail that is commonly named xylanase [5]. Xylanase is a group of xylanolytic enzymes consisting of endo-xylanase, β-xylosidase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase, acetyl xylan esterase and ferulic acid esterase, which decompose xylan into simple monosaccharide and xylooligosaccharides [1,6], showing great potential in feed, biore nery and pulp paper industry.…”