A cross-national study on the relations among prosocial moral reasoning, gender role orientations, and prosocial behaviors.

Carlo, Gustavo; Koller, Sílvia Helena; Eisenberg, Nancy; Silva, Marcia S. Da; Fröhlich, Cláudia Bechara

doi:10.1037/0012-1649.32.2.231

Cited by 117 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…No relationships were found for hedonistic and approval oriented prosocial reasoning while, in opposition to our hypothesis, anonymous prosocial behaviors were negatively related to stereotypical PMR. Results of the present study confirmed, also in Italian context, outcomes emerged in other studies, with the exception of researches carried out with Chinese [24] and Iranian samples [27], in relation to sex and age differences both on prosocial behavior ( [4,8,9]) and PMR ( [16,18,19,20,21,23,25]). …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Prosocial Behavior and Moral Reasoning in Italian Adolescents and Young Adults

Caroli¹,

Falanga²,

Sagone³

2014

RPBS

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This study analyzed the relationships between the inclination to help the others and prosocial moral reasoning (PMR) in a sample of 548 Italian adolescents and young adults. We used the Italian version of Prosocial Tendencies Measure to evaluate the tendencies to adopt prosocial behaviors in different conditions (public, anonymous, and helping behavior in emotionally critical and dire situations) and the two Italian versions of Prosocial Reasoning Objective Measure (respectively for adolescents and adults) in order to assess the general level (composite PMR) and the five typologies of PMR (hedonistic, needs oriented, approval oriented, stereotypical, and internalized prosocial moral reasoning). Results showed that girls scored higher than boys in helping behaviors in emotionally critical and dire situations, while boys scored higher than girls in public behaviors; furthermore, young adults expressed higher levels than adolescents in anonymous behaviors while adolescents scored higher than young adults in public behaviors. In relation to prosocial moral reasoning, girls expressed higher scores than boys in composite PMR and, specifically, in internalized and hedonistic PMR, while boys showed higher levels than girls in stereotypical, needs oriented, and approval oriented PMR. Moreover, young adults reached higher levels than adolescents in composite PMR, especially in internalized and hedonistic PMR; additionally, adolescents obtained higher levels than young adults in stereotypical, needs oriented, and approval oriented PMR. Significant relationships between prosocial behavior and PMR were found: the inclination to use helping behaviors in emotionally critical and dire situations was related positively to levels of composite PMR, especially to internalized PMR, but negatively to approval oriented PMR; public behaviors were related positively to approval and needs oriented PMR, but negatively to composite PMR and, specifically to internalized PMR. Future research will analyze the effects of these dimensions on other psychological constructs such as moral disengagement and value orientations in educational context.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Prosocial Behavior and Moral Reasoning in Italian Adolescents and Young Adults

Caroli¹,

Falanga²,

Sagone³

2014

RPBS

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“…Th ere were fi ve hedonistic items (Cronbach's alpha coeffi cient = .74), fi ve needs-oriented items (Cronbach's alpha coeffi cient = .71), fi ve approval-oriented items (Cronbach's alpha coeffi cient = .86), fi ve stereotypic items (Cronbach's alpha coeffi cient = .83), and fi ve internalized-level items (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = .75). Evidence for the reliability and validity of the PROM has been reported elsewhere (e.g., Carlo et al, 1996;Eisenberg et al, 1995).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sociocognitive and Behavioral Correlates of a Measure of Prosocial Tendencies for Adolescents

Carlo¹,

Hausmann²,

Christiansen³

et al. 2003

The Journal of Early Adolescence

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344

318

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The present study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of a multidimensional measure of prosocial behaviors to use with early adolescents and middle adolescents. One hundred thirty-eight students ( X̄ age = 15.8 years; 80 girls; 70% White, non-Hispanic) from a public middle school and high school completed measures of prosocial moral reasoning, sympathy, perspective taking, aggression, ascription of responsibility, social desirability, verbal skills, and a revised prosocial tendencies measure (PTM-R). The questionnaires were completed in two sessions each separated by a 2-week time span (to assess test-retest reliability of the PTM-R). Moreover, teacher ratings of adolescents’ generosity and helpfulness toward others were obtained. Analyses were conducted separately for early adolescents and middle adolescents and results showed adequate reliability and evidence of validity for PTM-R. Discussion focused on individual differences in prosocial behaviors among early adolescents and middle adolescents and the need to differentiate among differing types of prosocial behaviors.

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“…These results are confirmed if processes are not simply analysed on the basis of gender but if the orientation of the gender role is also evaluated. Thus, a female orientation is predictive of greater empathy both as concern for the other and as perspective taking (Carlo, Koller, Eisenberg, Silva, & Frohlich, 1996;Eisenberg, Zhou, & Koller, 2001) and predictive of less criminal behaviours in adolescents with this type of orientation (Keung Ma, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

Are Women More Empathetic than Men? A Longitudinal Study in Adolescence

et al. 2009

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Since the 1970s there has been a growing interest in analysing sex differences in psychological variables. Empirical studies and meta-analyses have contributed evidence on the differences between male and female individuals. More recently, the gender similarities hypothesis has supported the similarity of men and women in most psychological variables. This study contributes information on women's greater empathic disposition in comparison with men by means of a longitudinal design in an adolescent population. 505 male and female adolescents aged between 13 and 16 years were evaluated at two different moments (grade 2 and grade 3, lower secondary education). They completed the Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents by Bryant and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index by Davis. The results confirm a greater empathic response in females than in males of the same age, differences growing with age. The sizes of the effect estimated in the second evaluation (average age 14 years) are large for emotional empathy and medium for cognitive empathy. Keywords: empathy, gender differences, adolescence Desde la década de los 70 se incrementa el interés por analizar las diferencias de género en las variables psicológicas y se publican estudios empíricos y trabajos de meta-análisis que aportan evidencia de las diferencias entre varones y mujeres. Más recientemente se ha planteado la hipótesis de la similitud de género que defiende la semejanza entre varones y mujeres en la mayoría de los constructos psicológicos. Este estudio aporta datos sobre la mayor disposición empática en la mujer respecto al varón a través de un diseño longitudinal en población adolescente. 505 adolescentes varones y mujeres, con un rango de edad entre 13 y 16 años fueron evaluados en dos momentos temporales (2º y 3º curso de ESO). Cumplimentaron el Índice de Empatía de Bryant y el Índice de Reactividad Interpersonal de Davis. Los resultados confirman mayor respuesta empática en las adolescentes respecto a los varones de su misma edad y constatan que dichas diferencias aumentan con la edad. Los tamaños del efecto estimados en el segundo momento (edad media 14 años) son grandes en la empatía emocional y medios en la cognitiva.

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A cross-national study on the relations among prosocial moral reasoning, gender role orientations, and prosocial behaviors.

Cited by 117 publications

References 34 publications

Prosocial Behavior and Moral Reasoning in Italian Adolescents and Young Adults

Prosocial Behavior and Moral Reasoning in Italian Adolescents and Young Adults

Sociocognitive and Behavioral Correlates of a Measure of Prosocial Tendencies for Adolescents

Are Women More Empathetic than Men? A Longitudinal Study in Adolescence

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