This study examines the relationship between Bumiputra (in reference to Malay indigenous race) directors, a proxy for culture and analysts forecast. In addition, the study investigates whether corporate governance affects that relationship. Based on a sample from 1999 to 2009 and 664 observations, we find a positive and significant relationship between culture and analysts forecast error suggesting that Bumiputra directors lead to less transparent information environment. However, we find limited evidence to support that good governance weakens the positive relationship between Bumiputra directors and analysts forecast error.Keywords: Ethnicity, corporate governance and analysts forecast.Data availability: Data are publicly available from the sources identified in the paper.JEL classifications: G34, M14 3
IntroductionFinancial analysts are important players in the capital market. Their role in analysing information, either publicly and privately obtained is crucial in determining the progress of firms, especially in terms of quality of earnings. There are abundance of research on role of financial analysts in the capital market with such focus on analysts' forecasts, analysts' coverage and the effect on future income (see Bradshaw, 2011;Ramnath et al., 2008 Jomo, 1999), but on one hand, the assistance is much needed to reduce wealth imbalance among ethnics.Pryor (2007) argues that when economic institutions are not imposed by force, the cultural characteristics are more likely to determine the economic system, rather than economic institutions. This statement is partially true when we examine the studies of Mitton (2002) and Bushman et al. (2004) which suggest that Malaysia is weak in legal enforcement. We could argue that due to the relatively weak legal enforcement of rules and regulations of the capital market, cultural characteristics will take precedence in business dealings, and shapes the capital market. (1988) argues that cultural dimensions identified by Hofstede (1980) influence a country's accounting system in two ways; (1) through their influence on a country's institutions 2 We admit that there has been some concern raised by the academic world regarding Hofstede understanding on culture. Please see Baskerville (2003) and Baskerville-Morley (2005) for some arguments against Hofstede cultural studies. Although we admit limitations exists, at the same time we believe that the cultural dimensions offered by Hofstede is the best current cultural dimension model that could be used in capital market research.