1961
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710080027005
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A Criticism of Drug Therapy in Psychiatry

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Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)
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“…When interpreting these results in terms of clinical significance, one should consider the fact that many of the included trials comprised treatment arms with suboptimal dosage; the presented ESs, similar to those obtained in most metaanalyses regarding antidepressants, are hence lower than one may expect when using adequate doses. 18 The fact that the presence of side effects might compromise the integrity of the double-blind procedure in both raters [20][21][22][23] and patients, 3,[24][25][26] and that the resulting unblinding may introduce a bias favoring the active drug, has been discussed since long. During the '60s and '70s, when most antidepressants displayed easily recognizable anticholinergic side effects, attempts were made to explore this possibility by comparing antidepressants with so-called active placebos, that is, drugs exerting no antidepressant effect but being anticholinergic.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…When interpreting these results in terms of clinical significance, one should consider the fact that many of the included trials comprised treatment arms with suboptimal dosage; the presented ESs, similar to those obtained in most metaanalyses regarding antidepressants, are hence lower than one may expect when using adequate doses. 18 The fact that the presence of side effects might compromise the integrity of the double-blind procedure in both raters [20][21][22][23] and patients, 3,[24][25][26] and that the resulting unblinding may introduce a bias favoring the active drug, has been discussed since long. During the '60s and '70s, when most antidepressants displayed easily recognizable anticholinergic side effects, attempts were made to explore this possibility by comparing antidepressants with so-called active placebos, that is, drugs exerting no antidepressant effect but being anticholinergic.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.
“…Nous limiterons donc notre recension surtout à ces types de traitements. Les approches comportementales et axées sur l'apprentissage social sont basées sur le fait qu'apprendre constitue un processus biologique d'adaptation par lequel les organismes agissent afin de maximiser le renforcement, et de réduire toute stimulation aversive (Liberman, 1978). Lorsque ce processus dérape, un organisme peut engendrer des comportements qui produisent des avantages à court terme, mais qui sont inadaptés à long terme.…”
Section: Les Traitements Psychosociauxunclassified
“…On a obtenu des résultats indiquant aussi une baisse sensible des comportements violents lorsqu'on a implanté le SLP chez des personnes souffrant de psychose chronique, et bénéficiant de services de psychiatrie légale (Beck et al, 1991). D'autres chercheurs ont rapporté les effets bénéfiques de l'économie de jetons sur les comportements agressifs (Liberman, 1978 ;Wong et al, 1988 ;Ayllon et Azrin, 1968), et de l'introduction systématique de comportements de remplacement par l'entremise d'un entraînement aux habiletés de vie autonome (Corrigan et al, 1993 ;Liberman, 1978 ;Wong et al, 1988 ;Frey et Weller, 2000 ;Wallace et al, 1973). Presque toujours, ces interventions sont jumelées à l'utilisation d'un temps d'arrêt du renforcement comme conséquence à un comportement agressif.…”
Section: Le Malade Hospitaliséunclassified
“…L'un des aspects les plus critiques de la réussite, lors de la mise en oeuvre d'un programme comportemental, est l'adhésion soutenue des membres du personnel aux principes directeurs (par exemple, les techniques de renforcement). En effet, l'environnement assuré par les contacts sociaux avec le personnel est un important prédicteur de comportement agressif chez les personnes souffrant de psychose (Liberman, 1978). Traditionnellement, on croyait qu'il suffisait d'augmenter le ratio personnel/patient pour réduire les comportements agressifs.…”
Section: Le Malade Hospitaliséunclassified
“…On décrit ci-dessous la collecte des données et les outils d'analyse fonctionnelle, ainsi que des méthodes dérivées pour ce modèle MFM. Donat, 2002 ;Walsh, 2002 ;Weisman et Lamberti, 2002 ;Hunter, 2000 ;Swanson et al, 2000 ;Bellus et al, 1999 ;Donat, 1998 ;Swanson et al, 1998 ;Silverstein, 1997 ;Corrigan et al, 1993 ;Glynn et Mueser, 1992 ;Beck et al, 1991 ;Liberman et al, 1981 ;Liberman, 1978Paul et Lentz, 1977Fredericksent et al, 1976 Tableau 1 Prédicteurs de l'agressivité et de la violence chez les personnes avec psychose (PI).…”
Section: Le Modèle Fonctionnel Multimodalunclassified
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Exaggerated anticipatory anxiety is common in social anxiety disorder (SAD). Neuroimaging studies have revealed altered neural activity in response to social stimuli in SAD, but fewer studies have examined neural activity during anticipation of feared social stimuli in SAD. The current study examined the time course and magnitude of activity in threat processing brain regions during speech anticipation in socially anxious individuals and healthy controls (HC). Method Participants (SAD n = 58; HC n = 16) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during which they completed a 90s control anticipation task and 90s speech anticipation task.