A critical review on secondary lead recycling technology and its prospect

Zhang, Wei; Yang, Jiakuan; Wu, Xiaoyin; Hu, Yuping; Yu, Wenhao; Wang, Junxiong; Dong, Jinxin; Li, Mingyang; Liang, Sha; Hu, Jingping; Kumar, R. Vasant

doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.03.046

Cited by 173 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…electrolyte samples and the recycled samples are often just the contents of some impurity elements, such as Fe, Ba, and Al [16]. The existence of these impurity elements in recycled PbO powders, especially Ba, could hinder their application as positive active materials in lead acid batteries, which therefore makes the impurity removal a main challenge of lead recovery by hydrometallurgy methods [21]. It is encouraging in this study to observe insignificant influences of impurity elements on the electrode, which at least indicate it is easier to apply recycled lead in the soluble lead redox flow cells than in traditional lead acid batteries.…”

Section: Pb 21 Electrolyte Prepared With Recycled Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on Pb2+/Pb electrodes for soluble lead redox flow cells prepared with methanesulfonic acid and recycled lead

Dong

Chen

et al. 2016

J Appl Electrochem

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Electrodeposition and electrodissolution reactions of the Pb 2? /Pb electrode were studied on a glassy carbon rotating disk electrode in aqueous solutions of CH 3 SO 3 H and Pb(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2 . The electrolytic parameters, kinematic viscosity and ionic conductivity, were determined with various concentrations of CH 3 SO 3 H and Pb(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2 . The diffusion coefficient of Pb 2? in this electrolyte prepared with CH 3 SO 3 H was determined by the Levich Equation. Both the concentrations of CH 3 SO 3 H and Pb(CH 3 SO 3 ) 2 were found responsible for the equilibrium potential shifts and exchange current density variations. The electrochemical processes at the Pb 2? / Pb electrode were identified as being under mixed ohmicdiffusion control. The electrolyte conductivity and the ionic activity of Pb 2? were recognized as important parameters for designing the soluble lead redox flow cells. During constant current charge-discharge measurement, the specific capacity of the Pb 2? /Pb electrode was about 253 mAh g -1 Pb, about 98 % of the theoretical value. The impurity elements Fe, Ba, Al, and Zn in the Pb 2? electrolytes prepared with recycled lead exhibited insignificant influences on the Pb 2? /Pb reactions. It is reasonable to believe that the recycled lead can be applied in soluble lead redox flow batteries, and the cost may be further reduced with recycled lead because expensive impurity-control processes seemed to be avoidable. Graphical AbstractKeywords Soluble lead redox flow cells Á Redox flow battery Á Methanesulfonic acid Á Lead electrodeposition Á Lead acid battery Á Recycled lead

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Section: Pb 21 Electrolyte Prepared With Recycled Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study on Pb2+/Pb electrodes for soluble lead redox flow cells prepared with methanesulfonic acid and recycled lead

Dong

Chen

et al. 2016

J Appl Electrochem

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“…With the increasing demands for electrical vehicles, lead‐acid batteries (LABs) production has experienced a tremendous growth . In 2016, a total of 11 million tons of refined lead was consumed, 80% of which was used for LABs manufacturing .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But its high energy consumption and use of toxic acids (i.e. HBF 4 or H 2 SiF 6 ) need to be improved . Also, the recovered metallic lead needs to be further treated by the Barton‐pot process or a ball‐mill process to produce leady oxide (mixture of PbO and Pb) for utilization as the active materials of LABs …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A facile lead acetate conversion process for synthesis of high‐purity alpha‐lead oxide derived from spent lead‐acid batteries

Yang

et al. 2018

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUND The lead oxide product recovered from spent lead‐acid battery paste via the hydrometallurgical route usually contains many impurity elements, i.e. Ba and Fe. In this paper, a facile lead acetate conversion process was proposed for synthesis of high‐purity alpha‐lead oxide (α‐PbO) derived from spent lead‐acid batteries. RESULTS The desulfurized lead paste was leached with acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide to prepare lead acetate solution, which was then reacted with sodium hydroxide solution to synthesize high‐purity α‐PbO. The doses of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide were the two key parameters for the removals of the impurities, due to their dominant effects on the pH and redox potential of the leaching step. Under the optimized conditions (the molar ratios of CH3COOH/Pb of 2.00, H2O2/PbO2 of 3.5, and NaOH/Pb of 2.5), the high‐purity α‐PbO product with impurities of 20.5 mg kg−1 Fe and 1.5 mg kg−1 Ba was prepared, which were the lowest impurities content in lead product recovered via a hydrometallurgical route compared with previous literature. The total removal efficiencies of impurities Ba and Fe reached 99.9 wt% and 99.0 wt%, respectively. The total recovery efficiency of Pb from the spent lead paste was 92.6 wt%. CONCLUSION The proposed acetic acid leaching process was proved to be an effective strategy to remove the impurities via a hydrometallurgical route. The recovered high‐purity α‐PbO could be used as the positive active materials for lead‐acid battery. This study could provide insights into the impurities removal in the hydrometallurgical recovery of spent lead paste. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…Lead is finally recovered as an ultra-fine lead oxide powder by the further calcination of the lead citrate precursor at a low temperature. New battery pastes containing this novel powder exhibit excellent electrochemical performance and initial capacity [14][15][16]. In comparison with traditional processes, this route is substantially advantageous due to reduced cost and less emission of lead containing dust and SO 2 gas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PbSO4 Leaching in Citric Acid/Sodium Citrate Solution and Subsequent Yielding Lead Citrate via Controlled Crystallization

Cong

et al. 2017

Minerals

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Lead citrate is a key precursor for the green recycling of spent lead acid battery paste in a citric acid/sodium citrate (CA/SC) solution. In this study, the main paste component, PbSO 4 , was leached and crystallized to yield lead citrate. Results showed that the leaching of PbSO 4 in citric acid/sodium citrate solution was remarkably enhanced by an increase in temperature from 35 • C to 95 • C and an increase in sodium citrate (SC) concentration from 50 to 650 g/L. In comparison, increasing the citric acid/sodium citrate molar ratio inhibited this leaching. Controlled crystallization through cooling the solution or adjusting the pH of the solution can effectively produce lead citrate crystals. The X-ray diffraction patterns of four products obtained in a comparison test were all consistent with Pb 3 (C 6 H 5 O 7 ) 2 . However, the scanning electron microscopy analysis suggested that the morphology was distinct from rods to sheets, which were mainly affected by the temperature variation.

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A critical review on secondary lead recycling technology and its prospect

Cited by 173 publications

References 57 publications

A study on Pb2+/Pb electrodes for soluble lead redox flow cells prepared with methanesulfonic acid and recycled lead

A study on Pb2+/Pb electrodes for soluble lead redox flow cells prepared with methanesulfonic acid and recycled lead

A facile lead acetate conversion process for synthesis of high‐purity alpha‐lead oxide derived from spent lead‐acid batteries

PbSO4 Leaching in Citric Acid/Sodium Citrate Solution and Subsequent Yielding Lead Citrate via Controlled Crystallization

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