A Critical Review of Glucose Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanomaterials: Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene

Abstract

There has been an explosion of research into the physical and chemical properties of carbon-based nanomaterials, since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by Iijima in 1991. Carbon nanomaterials offer unique advantages in several areas, like high surface-volume ratio, high electrical conductivity, chemical stability and strong mechanical strength, and are thus frequently being incorporated into sensing elements. Carbon nanomaterial-based sensors generally have higher sensitivities and a lower detection limit than conventional ones. In this review, a brief history of glucose biosensors is firstly presented. The carbon nanotube and grapheme-based biosensors, are introduced in Sections 3 and 4, respectively, which cover synthesis methods, up-to-date sensing approaches and nonenzymatic hybrid sensors. Finally, we briefly outline the current status and future direction for carbon nanomaterials to be used in the sensing area.

Graphene-based transition metal oxide nanocomposites for the oxygen reduction reaction

“…Graphene-based materials also outperform graphene in various fields, such as in electronic or photo detectors, 27,28 capacitors, 29,30 transparent electrodes, 28 sensors, 31 electrocatalysis, 32,33 environmental remediation, [34][35][36] and energy applications. 37 The successful achievements of graphene-based devices benefit from their ideal single-atom thick substrates for the growth of functional nanomaterials.…”

Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanohybrids of Chiral Functional Naphthalenediimides for Prostate Cancer Cells Bioimaging

“…Such improved performance is attributed to their 1D hollow tubular nanochemistry that is responsible for the effi cient capture and promotion of electron transfer from analytes. [ 14 ] Marquette et al demonstrated a method to enhance the chemio luminescent properties of an on-chip biosensor for the detection of protein and oligonucleotides. Such enhancement is associated with the use of carbon microarray and consequently with the increase of specifi c surface area for the probe biomolecule immobilization.…”

Chemically modified graphene and nitrogen-doped graphene: Electrochemical characterisation and sensing applications

“…The potential windows of G, NG, HNO 3 The electroactive areas (A ele ) of the modified electrodes tested were determined using the Randles-Sevčik equation [24]:…”

“…The redox centres of most enzymes are embedded deep inside the enzyme, and facilitating efficient electron transfer to the electrode surface is a challenging task [1]. Several methods have been adopted in order to establish electrical communication between redox enzymes and electrodes, first by using carbon nanotube, metal nanoparticle or graphene modified electrodes as sensor substrates, and secondly by employing electron transfer mediators, tethering of redox relay units to enzymes, or reconstitution of the apo-enzyme on relay cofactor units associated with electrodes [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”