A Computer Model of Drafting Effects on Collective Behavior in Elite 10,000-m Runners

Trenchard, Hugh; Renfree, Andrew; Peters, D.M.

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0026

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Additionally, to identify the particular contribution of different variables in elite middle- and long-distance running races, mathematical models should be generated. For example, Trenchard et al 60 modelled the influence of competitors on the collective behavior of competitors in a 10,000 m elite race and concluded that behaviors cannot be fully explained through drafting effects and that psychological processes are therefore involved in the mechanisms underpinning collective behavior. A potential advantage of this method is that it allows greater isolation and control of individual variables, as well as the running of large numbers of simulations.…”

Section: Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pacing profiles and tactical behaviors of elite runners

Casado

Hanley

Jiménez-Reyes

et al. 2021

Journal of Sport and Health Science

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Highlights Elite athletes’ pacing behaviors differ depending on race distance and whether races longer than 800 m are conducted during championships or “meets.” Optimizing finishing position requires the adoption of a leading position with as much as a lap remaining in 1500 m and 5000 m championship races. Staying within a pack of runners who follow a realistic, non-excessive pace from the beginning of major championship long-distance races is also recommended to optimize performance (finishing time).

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Section: Further Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pacing profiles and tactical behaviors of elite runners

Casado

Hanley

Jiménez-Reyes

et al. 2021

Journal of Sport and Health Science

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In running however, the energetic savings are smaller and may have less influence on behaviors. In a study that used computer modeling to simulate the effect of three different drafting quantities (i) no drafting benefit, (ii) realistic (8%) runner drafting, and (iii) unrealistic (35%) ‘cycle’ drafting, Trenchard et al (2017) found drafting had minimal impact on three measures of collective behavior. A realistic 8% benefit resulted in significant, but small, increases in speed in a simulated 10000 m running race, but no effect on Runner Conversion Ratio (the drafting benefit experienced by the follower in a pair) or distance between the leading and last placed runner.…”

Section: Emergent Human Behavior In Group Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although physiologically less able athletes may be able to engage with others early in a race, over time accumulated physiological disruption would reduce the number of behavioral options available. We consider that this represents a limitation of some largely ‘physical’ modeling studies (e.g., Trenchard, 2015 ; Trenchard et al, 2017 ) which utilize rather crude measures of physiological capacity, and incorporate no psychological variables.…”

Section: Research Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Athletic Races Represent Complex Systems, and Pacing Behavior Should Be Viewed as an Emergent Phenomenon

Renfree

Casado

2018

Front. Physiol.

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Pacing is the manner in which effort is distributed over the duration of an exercise bout, and is an important determinant of the extent to which individual potential is realized during athletic races. Observed pacing behaviors are thought to result from complex decision-making processes, and several models have been proposed that may explain the manner in which these decisions are made. In this article we argue that examination of individual factors implicated in the regulation of pacing is unlikely to allow full understanding of the events leading to pacing and performance. Rather than utilizing such a reductionist approach, it is suggested that athletic races be viewed as complex systems, and that pacing behavior is an emergent phenomenon that cannot be fully understood through study of components of the system in isolation. We describe and discuss known and potential interactions between determinants of pacing during races, and conclude with a call for the development of novel research methodologies that may further understanding of the manner in which observed behaviors emerge.

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Perceived Fatigability: Utility of a Three-Dimensional Dynamical Systems Framework to Better Understand the Psychophysiological Regulation of Goal-Directed Exercise Behaviour

2018

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A three-dimensional framework of perceived fatigability emphasises the need to differentiate between the qualitatively distinct inputs of sensory-discriminatory, affective-motivational and cognitive-evaluative processes that shape the perceptual milieu during prolonged endurance exercise. This article reviews the framework's utility to better understand how cause-effect relationships come to be and how perception-action coupling underpins pacing behaviour and performance fatigability. Preliminary evidence supports the hypotheses that perceived strain plays a primary role in trajectory regulation of pacing behaviour, core affect plays a primary and mediatory role in behavioural performance regulation, and the mindset shift associated with an action crisis plays a primary role in the intensity dependent volitional self-regulatory control of conflicting motivational drives. The constructs hypothesised to underpin perceived fatigability are systematically linked, context-dependent, constraint-based, distinguishable and show proportional continuous interdependency. They are further interrelated with dynamic changes in pacing behaviour, performance fatigability and physiological disturbance. Appropriate measurement selections for the subordinate constructs perceived physical strain, perceived mental strain, valence, arousal, action crisis and flow state are discussed. To better understand the non-proportional discontinuous effects of fatigue on discrete shifts in thought states and mindsets, non-linear dynamical systems theory is introduced as an unbiased overarching theory of governing principles in the temporal evolution of complex systems. This provides the opportunity to discuss the bio-psycho-social fatigue phenomenon from a dynamical and holistic perspective. The proposed framework offers a sophisticated alternative to the Gestalt concept of perceived exertion and comprehensively accounts for the psychophysiological processes that determine pacing behaviour and performance. It has the potential to enrich theory development and facilitate a deeper understanding of the psychophysiological regulation of goal-directed exercise behaviour.

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A Computer Model of Drafting Effects on Collective Behavior in Elite 10,000-m Runners

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Pacing profiles and tactical behaviors of elite runners

Pacing profiles and tactical behaviors of elite runners

Athletic Races Represent Complex Systems, and Pacing Behavior Should Be Viewed as an Emergent Phenomenon

Perceived Fatigability: Utility of a Three-Dimensional Dynamical Systems Framework to Better Understand the Psychophysiological Regulation of Goal-Directed Exercise Behaviour

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