A comprehensive survey on robust image watermarking

Wan, Wenbo; Wang, Jun; Zhang, Yunming; Li, Jing; Yu, Hui; Sun, Jiande

doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2022.02.083

Cited by 128 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…To make a more objective comparison with other schemes, we use the widely recognized evaluation metrics, among which invisibility is evaluated with peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) 31 and structural similarity index metric (SSIM) 32 and robustness is evaluated with normalized cross-correlation (NC), 37 and bit error rate (BER). 35,54 The definitions of these evaluation metrics are shown in Equations ( 7)-( 10):…”

Section: Data Set and Metricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To make a more objective comparison with other schemes, we use the widely recognized evaluation metrics, among which invisibility is evaluated with peak signal‐to‐noise ratio ( PSNR ) 31 and structural similarity index metric ( SSIM ) 32 and robustness is evaluated with normalized cross‐correlation ( NC ), 37 and bit error rate ( BER ) 35,54 . The definitions of these evaluation metrics are shown in Equations (7)–(10):

PSNR=10{\mathrm{log}}_{10}\left(\frac{{255}^{2}\times 3\times M\times N}{\sum _{lev=1}^{3}\sum _{i=1}^{M}\sum _{j=1}^{N}{[HI(i,j,lev)-WHI(i,j,lev)]}^{2}}\right),

SSIM(HI,WHI)=l(HI,WHI)c(HI,WHI)s(HI,WHI),

N C = \frac{\sum_{l e v = 1}^{3} \sum_{i = 1}^{M} \sum_{j = 1}^{N} [H I (i, j, l e v) \times W H I (i, j, l e v)]}{\sqrt{\sum_{l e v = 1}^{3} \sum_{i = 1}^{M} \sum_{j = 1}^{N} {[H I (i, j, l e v)]}^{2}}}

…”

Section: Performance Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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A watermarking scheme for dual‐color images based on URV decomposition and image correction

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2022

Int J of Intelligent Sys

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In view of the fact that many watermarking schemes cannot well adapt to the occasion of image copyright protection with a large amount of information, and the copyright protection of color image is facing severe challenges, a dual-color image watermarking scheme based on URV decomposition (URVD) and image correction is designed in this paper. The twodimensional Logistic-adjusted-Sine map is first used to generate two chaotic sequences for pixel-level scrambling and bit-level diffusion of the watermark image, and URVD is applied to watermarking scheme.After fully considering the relationship between image channels, the watermark is embedded into the maximum URVD coefficient by using quantization index modulation based on variable quantization steps. The greatest contribution of this paper is to propose a new image correction algorithm as a pretreatment of watermark extraction, which mainly includes fast detection of feature points, image correction, and sawtooth processing, and it solves some problems existing in image correction algorithms based on geometric characteristics. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme has good invisibility, strong robustness, and high security.

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Section: Data Set and Metricsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PSNR=10{\mathrm{log}}_{10}\left(\frac{{255}^{2}\times 3\times M\times N}{\sum _{lev=1}^{3}\sum _{i=1}^{M}\sum _{j=1}^{N}{[HI(i,j,lev)-WHI(i,j,lev)]}^{2}}\right),

SSIM(HI,WHI)=l(HI,WHI)c(HI,WHI)s(HI,WHI),

N C = \frac{\sum_{l e v = 1}^{3} \sum_{i = 1}^{M} \sum_{j = 1}^{N} [H I (i, j, l e v) \times W H I (i, j, l e v)]}{\sqrt{\sum_{l e v = 1}^{3} \sum_{i = 1}^{M} \sum_{j = 1}^{N} {[H I (i, j, l e v)]}^{2}}}

…”

Section: Performance Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A watermarking scheme for dual‐color images based on URV decomposition and image correction

Sun

Zhang

et al. 2022

Int J of Intelligent Sys

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“…Watermarking is a popular solution to handling the security issue of any encryption scheme [ 7 ]. It involves embedding a secret mark in the host media as a form of identification [ 8 , 9 ]. The primary aim of watermarking is to enhance three features—invisibility, capacity, and robustness—that should be maintained to ensure a secure system [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

WatMIF: Multimodal Medical Image Fusion-Based Watermarking for Telehealth Applications

Singh

et al. 2022

Cogn Comput

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Over recent years, the volume of big data has drastically increased for medical applications. Such data are shared by cloud providers for storage and further processing. Medical images contain sensitive information, and these images are shared with healthcare workers, patients, and, in some scenarios, researchers for diagnostic and study purposes. However, the security of these images in the transfer process is extremely important, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper proposes a secure watermarking algorithm, termed WatMIF, based on multimodal medical image fusion. The proposed algorithm consists of three major parts: the encryption of the host media, the fusion of multimodal medical images, and the embedding and extraction of the fused mark. We encrypt the host media with a key-based encryption scheme. Then, a nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT)-based fusion scheme is employed to fuse the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scan images to generate the fused mark image. Furthermore, the encrypted host media conceals the fused watermark using redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) and randomised singular value decomposition (RSVD). Finally, denoising convolutional neural network (DnCNN) is used to improve the robustness of the WatMIF algorithm. The simulation experiments on two standard datasets were used to evaluate the algorithm in terms of invisibility, robustness, and security. When compared with the existing algorithms, the robustness is improved by 20.14%. Overall, the implementation of proposed watermarking for hiding fused marks and efficient encryption improved the identity verification, invisibility, robustness and security criteria in our WatMIF algorithm.

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“…The embedding of information, known as the watermark, is one approach to protect digital multimedia against illicit recording and distribution [2]. Watermarking has been used to secure digital multimedia data; therefore, digital watermarking could be an appealing option [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Hybrid Fusion-Based Technique for Securing Medical Images

Abdallah

Ateya

2022

Electronics

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The security of images has gained great interest in modern communication systems. This is due to the massive critical applications that are based on images. Medical imaging is at the top of these applications. However, the rising number of heterogenous attacks push toward the development of securing algorithms and methods for imaging systems. To this end, this work considers developing a novel authentication, intellectual property protection, ownership, and security technique for imaging systems, mainly for medical imaging. The developed algorithm includes two security modules for safeguarding various picture kinds. The first unit is accomplished by applying watermarking authentication in the frequency domain. The singular value decomposition (SVD) is performed for the host image’s discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients. The singular values (S) are divided into 64 × 64 non-overlapping blocks, followed by embedding the watermark in each block to be robust to any attack. The second unit is made up of two encryption layers to provide double-layer security to the watermarked image. The double random phase encryption (DRPE) and chaotic encryption have been tested and examined in the encryption unit. The suggested approach is resistant to common image processing attacks, including rotation, cropping, and adding Gaussian noise, according to the findings of the experiments. The encryption of watermarked images in the spatial and DCT domains and fused watermarked images in the DCT domain are all discussed. The transparency and security of the method are assessed using various measurements. The proposed approach achieves high-quality reconstructed watermarks and high security by using encryption to images and achieves robustness against any obstructive attacks. The developed hybrid algorithm recovers the watermark even in the presence of an attack with a correlation near 0.8.

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A comprehensive survey on robust image watermarking

Cited by 128 publications

References 164 publications

A watermarking scheme for dual‐color images based on URV decomposition and image correction

A watermarking scheme for dual‐color images based on URV decomposition and image correction

WatMIF: Multimodal Medical Image Fusion-Based Watermarking for Telehealth Applications

Novel Hybrid Fusion-Based Technique for Securing Medical Images

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