A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Clinical Presentation, and Management of the Pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Kakodkar, Pramath; Kaka, Nagham; Baig, MK

doi:10.7759/cureus.7560

Cited by 456 publications

(580 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(73 reference statements)

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“…The CT scan imaging is one of the principal and rapid diagnosis in COVID-19 for initiation of treatment and follow-up in order to nd the healing changes in lungs. It was stated that consolidation with ground glass feature in both lungs were more prominent, particularly in dead patients, which was similar to our ndings (27)(28)(29). The mechanism of lung damage needs more studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Clinical characteristics and Mortality risk factors among COVID-19 patients in Qom–Iran; The results of a Retrospective Cohort study

Hormati

Ghomi

Sohrabi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background & AimCoronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in the Middle East was initially reported in Qom-Iran. Clinical and epidemiologic and mortality risk factors details have not been already fully explained.MethodIn a retrospective study, the hospitalized adult patients with laboratory diagnosed COVID-19 between February 25 to March 20, 2020 were enrolled. A checklist including demographic, clinical, laboratorial, imaging, and treatment data was completed for each of the participant. The data were extracted from electronic medical records. In case of lack of information, a member of the research team contacted them via phone. All the dead patients and the first one hundred survived patients with these criteria were enrolled in the study. Outcome defined as death or discharge of patients.ResultsOf admitted patients, 200 patients who had been discharged or died were involved in this study. The majority of them were male (56%). The mean age of all patients was 62.63 ± 14.9. Co-morbidity was reported in 124 (62%) patients in which hypertension was the most common. The most frequent clinical presentations were dyspnea in 169 (84.5%), cough in 150 (75%), and fatigue/weakness in 123 (61.5%) patients. The main complications were respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome with prevalence of 143 (71.5%) and 105 (52.5%), accordingly. Multiple logistic models showed that decline of hemoglobin level (OR = 10.09), neutrophilia (OR = 3.48), high blood urea nitrogen (OR = 4.29,), SpO2 ≤ 90% (OR = 3.38), and presence of patchy consolidation (OR = 6.81) were associated with poor outcome.ConclusionCOVID-19 disease has multiple aspects. CT scan findings, complete blood count with differential, high blood urea nitrogen and SpO2 are related to mortality. Hence needs to pay serious attention during admitting and surveillance, particularly among elderly patients and who with preexisting morbidities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Clinical characteristics and Mortality risk factors among COVID-19 patients in Qom–Iran; The results of a Retrospective Cohort study

Hormati

Ghomi

Sohrabi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…These protective effects increased to 19% in those individuals on the daily or weekly regimen of vitamin D compared to those dosing on a monthly bolus of vitamin D. Furthermore, there is a 70% protective effect when vitamin D deficiency is corrected with supplementation. This result is relevant to the majority of individuals residing in lowsunlight countries that experience vitamin D deficiency due to extended periods of lack of sunlight [108]. Therefor, low vitamin D levels may also be expected during the first phase after confinement ends.…”

Section: Vitamin Dmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Most patients with COVID-19 will be able to recover at home with symptomatic-orientated treatment, the WHO guidelines recommend acetaminophen (paracetamol) as first-line antipyretic [108].…”

Section: Treatment Options For Postoperative Patients Testing Positivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elective, Non-urgent Procedures and Aesthetic Surgery in the Wake of SARS–COVID-19: Considerations Regarding Safety, Feasibility and Impact on Clinical Management

Kaye¹,

Paprottka²,

Escudero³

et al. 2020

Aesth Plast Surg

145

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Background The worldwide spread of a novel coronavirus disease has led to a near total stop of nonurgent, elective surgeries across all specialties in most affected countries. In the field of aesthetic surgery, the selfimposed moratorium for all aesthetic surgery procedures recommended by most international scientific societies has been adopted by many surgeons worldwide and resulted in a huge socioeconomic impact for most private practices and clinics. An important question still unanswered in most countries is when and how should elective/aesthetic procedures be scheduled again and what kind of organizational changes are necessary to protect patients and healthcare workers when clinics and practices reopen. Defining manageable, evidence-based protocols for testing, surgical/ procedural risk mitigation and clinical flow management/contamination management will be paramount for the safety of non-urgent surgical procedures. Methods We conducted a MEDLINE/PubMed research for all available publications on COVID-19 and surgery and COVID-19 and anesthesia. Articles and referenced literature describing possible procedural impact factors leading to exacerbation of the clinical evolution of COVID-19positive patients were identified to perform risk stratification for elective surgery. Based on these impact factors, considerations for patient selection, choice of procedural complexity, duration of procedure, type of anesthesia, etc., are discussed in this article and translated into algorithms for surgical/anesthesia risk management and clinical management. Current recommendations and published protocols on contamination control, avoidance of crosscontamination and procedural patient flow are reviewed. A COVID-19 testing guideline protocol for patients planning to undergo elective aesthetic surgery is presented and recommendations are made regarding adaptation of current patient information/informed consent forms and patient health questionnaires. Conclusion The COVID-19 crisis has led to unprecedented challenges in the acute management of the crisis, and the wave only recently seems to flatten out in some countries. The adaptation of surgical and procedural steps for a riskminimizing management of potential COVID-19-positive patients seeking to undergo elective aesthetic procedures in the wake of that wave will present the next big challenge for the aesthetic surgery community. We propose a clinical algorithm to enhance patient safety in elective surgery in the context of COVID-19 and to minimize cross-contamination between healthcare workers and patients. New evidence-based guidelines regarding surgical risk stratification, testing, and clinical flow management/contamination management are proposed. We believe that only the continuous development and broad implementation of guidelines like the ones proposed in this paper will allow an early reintegration of all aesthetic procedures into the scope of surgical care currently performed and to prepare

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“…However, only a fraction of infected people show clinical symptoms, and an even lower percentage require medical attention [1,2]. To date, it is not yet known why some patients develop more severe symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2

et al. 2020

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 , with a clinical outcome ranging from mild to severe, including death. To date, it is unclear why some patients develop severe symptoms. Many authors have suggested the involvement of vitamin D in reducing the risk of infections; thus, we retrospectively investigated the 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in plasma obtained from a cohort of patients from Switzerland. In this cohort, significantly lower 25(OH)D levels (p = 0.004) were found in PCR-positive for SARS-CoV-2 (median value 11.1 ng/mL) patients compared with negative patients (24.6 ng/mL); this was also confirmed by stratifying patients according to age >70 years. On the basis of this preliminary observation, vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce the risk of infection. Randomized controlled trials and large population studies should be conducted to evaluate these recommendations and to confirm our preliminary observation.

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A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Clinical Presentation, and Management of the Pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Cited by 456 publications

References 41 publications

Clinical characteristics and Mortality risk factors among COVID-19 patients in Qom–Iran; The results of a Retrospective Cohort study

Clinical characteristics and Mortality risk factors among COVID-19 patients in Qom–Iran; The results of a Retrospective Cohort study

Elective, Non-urgent Procedures and Aesthetic Surgery in the Wake of SARS–COVID-19: Considerations Regarding Safety, Feasibility and Impact on Clinical Management

25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2

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