“…The g-best CPSO version has also been successfully applied to the optimization of discontinuous steam cycle design problems by Martelli (2010), Martelli, Amaldi, et al (2011), Martelli, Nord, andBolland (2012) and Martelli, Kreutz, Gatti, Chiesa, and Consonni (2013). Nevertheless, it has the two following shortcomings: (1) if the function is multimodal or has many steps, it may fail (as already pointed out by Eberhart and Kennedy, 1995) to locate the global optimum, (2) due to the lack of a systematic search strategy, particles inefficiently oscillate around minima, as described in Fan and Zahara (2007) and Fu and Tong (2010).…”