A Compendium of the Most Promising Synthesized Organic Compounds against Several Fusarium oxysporum Species: Synthesis, Antifungal Activity, and Perspectives

Abstract

Vascular wilt caused by F. oxysporum (FOX) is one of the main limitations of producing several agricultural products worldwide, causing economic losses between 40% and 100%. Various methods have been developed to control this phytopathogen, such as the cultural, biological, and chemical controls, the latter being the most widely used in the agricultural sector. The treatment of this fungus through systemic fungicides, although practical, brings problems because the agrochemical agents used have shown mutagenic effects on the fungus, increasing the pathogen’s resistance. The design and the synthesis of novel synthetic antifungal agents used against FOX have been broadly studied in recent years. This review article presents a compendium of the synthetic methodologies during the last ten years as promissory, which can be used to afford novel and potential agrochemical agents. The revision is addressed from the structural core of the most active synthetic compounds against FOX. The synthetic methodologies implemented strategies based on cyclo condensation reactions, radical cyclization, electrocyclic closures, and carbon–carbon couplings by metal–organic catalysis. This revision contributes significantly to the organic chemistry, supplying novel alternatives for the use of more effective agrochemical agents against F. oxysporum.

On the way to potential antifungal compounds: synthesis and in vitro activity of 2-benzofuranylacetic acid amides

“…Certain authors have assessed the activity against FOX of those derivatives and observed inhibition halos ranging from 28 to 32 mm, demonstrating better activity compared to the positive control nystatin, which exhibited a 23 mm halo. 40 Moreover, Xie et al 41 have reported the in vivo and in vitro biological activity of some molecules containing a benzofuran ring against other phytopathogenic fungi such as Colletotrichum iagenarium and Erysiphe graminis . They obtained data comparable to the positive control enoxastrobin , showing inhibition up to 100%.…”

Rapid Identification of Four Fusarium spp. Complex by High-Resolution Melting Curve Analysis and their Antifungal Susceptibility Profiles

“…typically infect plant vasculature, disrupting water and nutrient transport to tissues, while also producing toxic secondary metabolites that add to their virulence, cumulatively leading to wilting, rot of various plant organs, and eventually death. In particular, Fusarium oxysporum causes foliar blight, a vascular disease that can kill plants and result in major production losses [4][5][6]. Fusarium solani is a causative pathogen of root rot disease in a variety of crops, and fruit rot in a subset of hosts [7].…”

Special Issue “Feature Review Papers in Organic Synthesis”

“…These compounds are naturally occurring spliceosome modulators that exhibit interesting structural features and are potential anti-cancer agents. In addition, the review by Borrego-Muñoz et al [ 9 ] illustrates the use of organic synthesis for the preparation of agrochemical agents, presenting a compendium of the recent synthetic methodologies employed for the preparation of antifungal compounds against Fusorium oxysporium species. These phytopathogens cause vascular wilt and substantial economic losses in agriculture.…”