A Comparison of the Clock Drawing Test and the Pfeiffer Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire in a Geropsychiatry Clinic

Gruber, Nelson P.; Varner, Roy V.; Chen, Yuan-Who; Lesser, Jary

doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199705)12:5<526::aid-gps535>3.0.co;2-v

Cited by 27 publications

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“…The clock drawing test (CDT), cognitive screening tool, does not require language ability and performance and is a tool that can compensate for the shortcomings of MMSE because it is hardly affected by the level of education. The CDT is easy to administrate (Shulman et al., ) and less affected by depression or dysphoria (Gruber, Varner, Chen, & Lesser, ; Herrmann et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The clock drawing test: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of diagnostic accuracy

Park

Jeong

Seomun

2018

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the clock drawing test and to compare its scoring methods.Background: Dementia refers to a symptom where an adult demonstrates memory disorder and cognitive impairment. Early diagnosis of dementia is very important for medication management and prognosis. The clock drawing test is one of the most used cognitive screening tools for dementia. However, due to its scoring system, the accuracy of the clock drawing test remains a topic of debate. Design:A systematic review with meta-analysis following Cochrane's methods and the guidelines of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Data sources: A literature search was carried out in the OVID-MEDLINE, OVID-EMBASE and OVID-PsycINFO databases (27 October 2015).Review method: The quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS-2) tool was employed for this review. We used hierarchical regression models to pool the values of diagnostic accuracy in a random effects model. Results:A total of 18 studies with 5,531 participants were identified for this review. Fifteen of these studies were included for meta-analysis according to each scoring system. The pooled sensitivity and specificity of the clock drawing test using the Shulman system were 82% and 75.7% respectively. In the Sunderland system, these were 72.6% and 87.9% respectively. Conclusions:The findings indicate that the accuracy of the clock drawing test using the Shulman system was the most studied and highly sensitive. After gaining a better understanding of the clock drawing test through this study, we recommend it for widespread use in the diagnosis of dementia. K E Y W O R D Sclock drawing test, cognitive impairment, dementia, diagnostic accuracy, literature review, meta-analysis, sensitivity, specificity, systematic review

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The clock drawing test: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of diagnostic accuracy

Park

Jeong

Seomun

2018

Journal of Advanced Nursing

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“…No overall interrater agreement was computed for the qualitative methods given the nature of the underlying data. However, analysis of variance comparing the qualitative method scores with the original classification by Gruber, et al (1997) showed statistically significant relationships (F,,,,, = 73.9, p < .OOl). Mean Mendez , et al scores across diagnostic groups were for depression 13.7 (SD=4.6), schizophrenia 11.6 (SD = 4.5), and organic mood disorder 9.5 (SD=5.8).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This study extended the work of Scanlan, et al (2002) by examining the interrater agreement of clock drawings from a spectrum of geriatric patients using an existing data set (Gruber, Varner, Chen, & Lesser, 1997)) which included a variety of psychiatric patients. Raters were trained in two methods of scoring to estimate the interrater reliability and differential diagnostic ability of a quantitative method (Mendez, et al, 1992) and a qualitative method (Rouleau, Salmon, Butters, Kennedy, & McGuire, 1992).…”

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confidence: 99%

Interrater Reliability of Scores Derived from Two Methods for Scoring the Clock Drawing Test

Adams

Gruber²,

Hays

2006

Psychol Rep

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Scores on the Clock Drawing Test have long been considered a useful screening tool for neuropsychological dysfunction, and a number of scoring methods have been developed to evaluate various aspects of performance. This study compared quantitative and qualitative scoring by briefly trained students on 145 clock drawings produced by patients in a geriatric psychiatry outpatient clinic to estimate the interrater reliability of the methods, user's acceptance of the methods, and whether the methods provide differential diagnosis. Both systems showed acceptable interrater reliability. Using the quantitative method, raters scored drawings by patients with organic mental disease as more impaired than those patients diagnosed as depressed or schizophrenic. Results suggest that the Clock Drawing Test is a reliable screening tool for cognitive impairment in a geropsychiatric population, but the scoring methods examined do not yet appear psychometrically sound enough to provide a differential diagnosis.

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“…A number of authors also consider language an influential factor. 16 Older adults usually exhibit more impaired performance than young adults, 12 , 17 - 19 and greater years of formal education are associated with better performance on the test. 18 - 21 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scoring systems for the Clock Drawing Test: A historical review

Spenciere

Alves

Charchat‐Fichman

2017

Dement. neuropsychol.

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The Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is a simple neuropsychological screening instrument that is well accepted by patients and has solid psychometric properties. Several different CDT scoring methods have been developed, but no consensus has been reached regarding which scoring method is the most accurate. This article reviews the literature on these scoring systems and the changes they have undergone over the years. Historically, different types of scoring systems emerged. Initially, the focus was on screening for dementia, and the methods were both quantitative and semi-quantitative. Later, the need for an early diagnosis called for a scoring system that can detect subtle errors, especially those related to executive function. Therefore, qualitative analyses began to be used for both differential and early diagnoses of dementia. A widely used qualitative method was proposed by Rouleau et al. (1992). Tracing the historical path of these scoring methods is important for developing additional scoring systems and furthering dementia prevention research.

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A Comparison of the Clock Drawing Test and the Pfeiffer Short Portable Mental Status Questionnaire in a Geropsychiatry Clinic

Cited by 27 publications

References 0 publications

The clock drawing test: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of diagnostic accuracy

The clock drawing test: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of diagnostic accuracy

Interrater Reliability of Scores Derived from Two Methods for Scoring the Clock Drawing Test

Scoring systems for the Clock Drawing Test: A historical review

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