A comparison of muscle electromyographic activity during different angles of the back and front squat

Trindade, Thiago Barbosa; Medeiros, Jason Azevedo de; Dantas, Paulo Moreira Silva; Neto, Leônidas de Oliveira; Schwade, Daniel; Vieira, Wouber Hérickson de Brito; Dantas, Filipe Fernandes Oliveira

doi:10.3233/ies-193142

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Overall, squatting depth was shown to affect gluteus maximus activation with inconsistent results, with greater activation recorded in partial vs. full squat performed by young resistance-trained men [ 12 ], greater activation in full vs. partial performed by experienced lifters [ 7 ], or no difference when performed by resistance-trained women [ 13 ]. Additionally, quadriceps activation was overall greater in full vs. partial squat [ 14 ]. Interestingly, no difference in muscle activation was found comparing BS vs. FS performed with 70% 1-RM by healthy men [ 10 ], while larger stance specifically activates medial thigh muscles in experienced lifters [ 15 ], although no difference was found in gluteal muscles activation [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Activation of Gluteal, Thigh, and Lower Back Muscles in Different Squat Variations Performed by Competitive Bodybuilders: Implications for Resistance Training

Coratella

Tornatore

Caccavale

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The present study investigated the activation of gluteal, thigh, and lower back muscles in different squat variations. Ten male competitive bodybuilders perform back-squat at full (full-BS) or parallel (parallel-BS) depth, using large feet-stance (sumo-BS), and enhancing the feet external rotation (external-rotated-sumo-BS) and front-squat (FS) at 80% 1-RM. The normalized surface electromyographic root-mean-square (sEMG RMS) amplitude of gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, adductor longus, longissimus, and iliocostalis was recorded during both the ascending and descending phase of each exercise. During the descending phase, greater sEMG RMS amplitude of gluteus maximus and gluteus medius was found in FS vs. all other exercises (p < 0.05). Additionally, FS elicited iliocostalis more than all other exercises. During the ascending phase, both sumo-BS and external-rotated-sumo-BS showed greater vastus lateralis and adductor longus activation compared to all other exercises (p < 0.05). Moreover, rectus femoris activation was greater in FS compared to full-BS (p < 0.05). No between-exercise difference was found in vastus medialis and longissimus showed no between-exercise difference. FS needs more backward stabilization during the descending phase. Larger feet-stance increases thigh muscles activity, possibly because of their longer length. These findings show how bodybuilders uniquely recruit muscles when performing different squat variations.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Activation of Gluteal, Thigh, and Lower Back Muscles in Different Squat Variations Performed by Competitive Bodybuilders: Implications for Resistance Training

Coratella

Tornatore

Caccavale

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Static investigations of knee joint stability are often directed to stretching exercises [28,[52][53][54][55][56] and isometric back squats [55].…”

Section: Biomechanical Effects Of Static and Active Isometric Stretch...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical, Healing and Therapeutic Effects of Stretching: A Comprehensive Review

Zvetkova¹,

Koytchev

Ivanov

et al. 2023

Applied Sciences

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Characterized in biomedical terms, stretching exercises have been defined as movements applied by external and/or internal forces to increase muscle and joint flexibility, decrease muscle stiffness, elevate the joint range of motion (ROM), increase the length of the “muscle–tendon” morpho-functional unit, and improve joint, muscle, and tendon movements, contraction, and relaxation. The present review examines and summarizes the initial and recent literature data related to the biomechanical, physiological, and therapeutic effects of static stretching (SS) on flexibility and other physiological characteristics of the main structure and the “joint–ligament–tendon–muscle” functional unit. The healing and therapeutic effects of SS, combined with other rehabilitation techniques (massage, foam rolling with and without vibrations, hot/cold therapy, etc.), are discussed in relation to the creation of individual (patient-specific) or group programs for the treatment and prevention of joint injuries, as well as for the improvement of performance in sports. From a theoretical point of view, the role of SS in positively affecting the composition of the connective tissue matrix is pointed out: types I–III collagen syntheses, hyaluronic acid, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) turnover under the influence of the transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β-1). Different variables, such as collagen type, biochemistry, elongation, and elasticity, are used as molecular biomarkers. Recent studies have indicated that static progressive stretching therapy can prevent/reduce the development of arthrogenic contractures, joint capsule fibrosis, and muscle stiffness and requires new clinical applications. Combined stretching techniques have been proposed and applied in medicine and sports, depending on their long- and short-term effects on variables, such as the ROM, EMG activity, and muscle stiffness. The results obtained are of theoretical and practical interest for the development of new experimental, mathematical, and computational models and the creation of efficient therapeutic programs. The healing effects of SS on the main structural and functional unit—“joint–ligament–tendon–muscle”—need further investigation, which can clarify and evaluate the benefits of SS in prophylaxis and the treatment of joint injuries in healthy and ill individuals and in older adults, compared to young, active, and well-trained persons, as well as compared to professional athletes.

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“…The depth of the squat was interrupted when the parallel position of the back thigh and the surface was occupied i.e., when the vertical projection of the sliding bar passed through the middle of the foot, and then with the lower third of the lower leg and thigh slightly closer to the knee joint. The participant was in a deep squat position, i.e., knee joint exion at an exterior angle of approximately 120 degrees° [5,34]. Thus, the projected now horizontal line passed through the middle of the outer side of the participant's thigh, and the other projected oblique line passed through the middle of the outer lower leg, thus forming exterior an angle of 120 degrees°.…”

Section: Training Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Different Conditioning Contraction Protocols of Post-activation Potentiation on Variables of Eccentric Phases and Concentric Phase of Countermovement Jump

Živanovic

2022

Preprint

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Purpose Investigation of the influence of different conditioning contraction protocols on the eccentric variables: depth of descent of body centre of mass (CMJ) and capacity of muscle force, power, and velocity (CMJ), i.e., height of jump. Methods In a sample of 28-students (age: pretest 19.5 ± 1.0; posttest 19.7 ± 1.1), 1 RM was determined by estimating 10 RM, to be stratified in a six-week workout: static-hold back squat at 120°, dynamic-back squat at 120° (x8), combined-2 back squat at 120° and 2 seconds endurance (x2) [for 12 seconds], and control group-6 to 8 hours of activity per week. After the pre-contractions, they continuously performed shock-plyometrics (50 cm box), triple jump and 5-meter sprint. Training load was 80% 1 RM. Results A statistically significant increase (13.3%) was found in variable of power unlike variable (CMJ) V ecc and static i.e., dynamic groups where significant differences between pretest and posttest performance from 12.9 and 5.9% were found. Concentric variable (CMJ) H exhibits significance for ED and EC groups (6.8, 8.9%, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion The most indicated increases (CMJ) H, by practicing contrast sessions i.e., conditioning contraction (CC) or post-activation potentiation, were observed after the application of combined i.e., dynamic conditioning contractions, referring to sublimated eccentric manifestation and concentric muscular effect.

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A comparison of muscle electromyographic activity during different angles of the back and front squat

Cited by 9 publications

References 17 publications

The Activation of Gluteal, Thigh, and Lower Back Muscles in Different Squat Variations Performed by Competitive Bodybuilders: Implications for Resistance Training

The Activation of Gluteal, Thigh, and Lower Back Muscles in Different Squat Variations Performed by Competitive Bodybuilders: Implications for Resistance Training

Biomechanical, Healing and Therapeutic Effects of Stretching: A Comprehensive Review

The Effects of Different Conditioning Contraction Protocols of Post-activation Potentiation on Variables of Eccentric Phases and Concentric Phase of Countermovement Jump

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