A comparison of exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, and their combination for reducing posttraumatic stress disorder in female assault victims.

Abstract

Ninety-six female assault victims with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were randomly assigned to 4 treatment conditions: prolonged exposure (PE), stress inoculation training (SIT), combined treatment (PE-SIT), or wait-list control (WL). Treatment consisted of 9 twice-weekly, individual sessions. Independent evaluations were conducted at pretreatment; posttreatment; and 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. All 3 active treatments reduced severity of PTSD and depression compared with WL but did not differ significantly from each other, and these gains were maintained throughout the follow-up period. However, in the intent-to-treat sample, PE was superior to SIT and PE-SIT on posttreatment anxiety and global social adjustment at follow-up and had larger effect sizes on PTSD severity, depression, and anxiety. SIT and PE-SIT did not differ significantly from each other on any outcome measure.

Intensive Outpatient Prolonged Exposure for Combat-Related PTSD: A Case Study

“…For example, PE was found to be efficacious in treating PTSD related to physical and sexual assault (e.g., Foa et al, 1999;Foa, Hembree, et al, 2005;Resick, Nishith, Weaver, Astin, & Feuer, 2002;Resick, Williams, Suvak, Monson, & Gradus, 2012), military combat (Nacasch et al, 2011;Schnurr et al, 2007;Thorp, Stein, Jeste, Patterson, & Wetherell, 2012), motor vehicle accidents (Blanchard et al, 2003), and mixed traumas (Bryant et al, 2008;Marks, Lovell, Noshirvani, Livanou, & Thrasher, 1998). Importantly, the evidence for the efficacy of PE emerged from research centers around the world.…”

The Relative Efficacy of Bona Fide Psychotherapies for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Meta-Analytical Evaluation of Randomized Controlled Trials

“…In addition to the 15 studies included in Benish et al [23], we retrieved seven further studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, resulting in a total sample of 22 studies [42,[44][45][46][47][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73] (as the re-assessment of the study selection is an important topic of interest, see Additional file 1 for full references of the excluded studies). In sum, 161 abstracts were thoroughly screened and 46 studies assessed in full-text for eligibility, see Fig.…”

“…Notably, the Resick et al [68] study was of comparably low quality; hence, exclusion may be considered warranted, suggesting thus a true advantage of EXPE treatments over other treatments. Excluding either the Schnurr et al [70] or the Schnurr et al [71] With regards to secondary outcomes at post-treatment, studies of Foa et al [61], Power et al [45], and, again, Resick et al [68] were influential. Excluding either of these studies rendered heterogeneity in comparisons of CBT not significant, I 2 = 46 %, 39 %, and 0 %, respectively.…”

Psychological Intervention Including Emotional Freedom Techniques for an Adult With Motor Vehicle Accident Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Study

“…The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI; Foa et al, 1999) is a 33-item measure, commonly used to identify post-trauma erroneous and negative cognitions that can be targeted in cognitive-behavioural treatment (Foa and Rothbaum, 2001). It produces a total score along with three subscale scores: Negative cognitions about self, negative cognitions about the world and selfblame.…”

“…Other empirically supported CBT interventions include variations on Stress Inoculation Therapy and Cognitive Therapy (CT) (Cahill et al, 2009) including Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT), Some 13 RCT's have explored their use with positive outcomes for diverse trauma populations including female rape and interpersonal violence victims (Foa et al, 1999;1991;Resick et al, 2002;Resick et al, 2008); childhood sexual abuse (Chard, 2005); male and/or female veterans (Chemtob et al, 1997;Monson et al, 2006); MVA victims (Ehlers et al, 2003); terrorist bomb attack survivors (Duffy et al, 2007) and mixed gender/trauma population (Ehlers et al, 2003;Marks et al, 1998;Tarrier et al, 1999).…”