A comparison of community pharmacy methadone services between Dublin and Glasgow: (1) Extent of service provision in 1997/1998 and views of pharmacists on existing provision and future service developments

Confronting inequities: A scoping review of the literature on pharmacist practice and health-related disparities

“…However, the majority of scientific articles (98.9%, n=92) and 385 all of the grey literature acknowledged patient-specific health risks related to problematic 386 dynamics within the pharmacist-patient relationship, including: 387 26,60,64,73 ). Also discussed are risks for sub-optimal patient M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT care due to pharmacists' perceptions of limited time, privacy, or resources to sufficiently care 393 for those with limited English proficiency, 99,102,117 mental illness, 28,35,52,70 or who abuse 394 drugs, 68 as well as limits in pharmacists' cultural competencies, or interest, in serving certain 395 groups (e.g., racialized groups, 77 This scoping review provides valuable insight to patterns across a significant body of 419 research examining health and health care inequities and related dynamics in the pharmacist- There has been relatively limited attention to measuring the outcomes of these dynamics, but 434 researchers have discussed concerns related to potential risk for suboptimal care, discordant care, 435 medication risks, disease spread, and the perpetuation of general health disparities among 436 marginalized patient groups.…”

“…largely, though not exclusively, focused on pharmacists' response to legislative shifts allowing 348 the sale of non-prescription syringes, 29,33,56,[58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66]73,74,76,95 while research on mental illness has 349 focused on pharmacists' effectiveness in providing services beyond medication dispensing, 350 including counseling. 28,42,48,49,52,70,72,102 Literature on the adequacy of services for racialized 351 populations has considered disparities among racialized groups as related to pharmacy-based 352 immunization, 92,93 pharmacy or medication access, 74,99,121 alignment of pharmacists' activities 353 with patient needs/preferences, 77,81,91,94,102,119 and broader discriminatory practices.…”

“…Examples of these services 332 included non-dispensing services for those with mental illness, 35,50,70,79 sale of non-prescription 333 syringes (or methadone) to IDUs, 26,29,33,55,[57][58][59][60][62][63][64]66,69,74,76 services for those with, or at risk for, 334…”

“…clinicians' knowledge about a condition and/or commitment to caring for a patient [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] Aligned 214 with this literature is a small group of articles that did not use the language of stigma, but 215 attended to societal level "stereotypes" about groups or measure "negative attitudes" and related 216 service gaps for those who abuse/ misuse drugs [55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69] and patients with mental illness. 70-72 217 Bias.…”

What's the problem? Why do some pharmacists provide services to drug users and others won't?

“…Section 4 of the questionnaire posed two specific questions about the future supply and administration of naloxone in an emergency. Findings from sections 2, 3 and 4 of the questionnaire are reported elsewhere (Mackie, Healy, Roberts & Ryder, 2004). Section 5 of the questionnaire related to the views expressed by pharmacists from the needle exchange and non-needle exchange pharmacies.…”