A common periodic table of codons and amino acids

Evolution of the Genetic Code ? Some Novel Aspects

“…This assumption might be controversial and is known to have both supporters [4] and opponents [5] among influential scientists. However, our own development, The Common Periodic Table of Codons and Amino Acids [6], strongly supports it.…”

“…These central bases are undoubtedly related to the physico-chemical properties (charge, hydropathy and some structural aspects) of the encoded amino acids [6].…”

“…Detailed analyses of the base compositions of codons reveal that the most frequent codons are preferentially built of A & T bases (Figure 2). The 13 most frequent codons (20% of the 64 possible) have A or T in the central position (the critical position in relation to the physicochemical properties of the encoded amino acid [6]) and provide 36% of all codon usages (100%).…”

“…Two singlet codons (A and T) can theoretically encode two amino acids. The coding rules in the modern Common Periodic Table of Codons and Nucleic Acids [6] suggests that T codes for one hydrophobic and A for one hydrophilic or charged amino acid, say T>Phe [now encoded by TTT] The next step toward the complexity of the recent Genetic Code might have been recognition of the order (sequence) of bases. Bases in the order ATAATA form a different shape from, for example, TATTAT, and this shape difference might have been utilized to distinguish between two amino acids (regarding their coding as well as their binding).…”

Revisiting Crick?s Dogma and the Impossibility of Reverse Translation

“…This is strong support for the co-evolution of codons and the encoded amino acids (as opposed to Crick's so-called "frozen accident" hypothesis, which states that the codon-amino acid connection is merely accidental) [35].…”