A combined experimental/numerical investigation on hygrothermal aging of fiber-reinforced composites

Rocha, I.B.C.M.; Meer, F.P. van der; Raijmaekers, S.; Lahuerta, F.; Nijssen, R.P.L.; Mikkelsen, Lars Pilgaard; Sluys, L.J.

doi:10.1016/j.euromechsol.2018.10.003

Cited by 41 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Fiber/matrix debondings shown in Figure 11A range from about a 100 nm to a few microns, as was observed experimentally using microscopy after 6673 h of conditioning. The thickness also matches debonding dimensions observed elsewhere for the same composite [65,66].…”

Section: Samples With Long Fibers C1supporting

confidence: 83%

Long-Term Hydrolytic Degradation of the Sizing-Rich Composite Interphase

2019

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Glass fiber-reinforced composites are exposed to hydrolytic degradation in subsea and offshore applications. Fiber-matrix interphase degradation was observed after the matrix was fully saturated with water and typical water absorption tests according to ASTM D5229 were stopped. Due to water-induced dissolution, fiber-matrix interphase flaws were formed, which then lead to increased water uptake. Cutting sample plates from a larger laminate, where the fibers were running parallel to the 1.5 mm long short edge, allowed the hydrolytic degradation process to be studied. The analysis is based on a full mechanistic mass balance approach considering all the composite’s constituents: water uptake and leaching of the matrix, dissolution of the glass fibers, and dissolution of the composite interphase. These processes were modeled using a combination of Fickian diffusion and zero-order kinetics. For the composite laminate studied here with a saturated epoxy matrix, the fiber matrix interphase is predicted to be fully degraded after 22 to 30 years.

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Section: Samples With Long Fibers C1supporting

confidence: 83%

Long-Term Hydrolytic Degradation of the Sizing-Rich Composite Interphase

2019

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“…Often, with more than 15 mm, the distances between the first defects occurring are considerably larger, in contrast. A likewise behaviour of GFRP specimens has been observed by Gagani et al [5], as well as by Rocha et al [1,37]. not have an excessive influence on the measurements.…”

Section: Diffusion Behavioursupporting

confidence: 69%

“…This phenomenon might be a consequence of several effects taking place by reason of hygrothermal ageing. It is suggested that all the fibre strength and constitution [47,48], the matrix strength and stiffness [39], as well as the fibre-matrix interphase properties [37,49] suffer by moisture immersion. Reductions in fibre strength are typically caused by leaching of soluble elements [47], which can lead to the phenomenon of stress corrosion cracking under the presence of tensile stresses.…”

Section: Investigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Hygrothermal Ageing on the Interphase, Fatigue, and Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy

Gibhardt

Doblies

Meyer³

et al. 2019

Fibers

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Reliability and cost-effectiveness represent major challenges for the ongoing success of composites used in maritime applications. The development of large, load-bearing, and cyclically loaded structures, like rotor blades for wind or tidal energy turbines, requires consideration of environmental conditions in operation. In fact, the impact of moisture on composites cannot be neglected. As a result of difficult testing conditions, the knowledge concerning the influence of moisture on the fatigue life is limited. In this study, the impact of salt water on the fatigue behaviour of a glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) has been investigated experimentally. To overcome the problem of invalid failure during fatigue testing, an improved specimen geometry has been developed. The results show a significant decrease in fatigue life for saturated GFRP specimens. In contrast, a water absorption of 50% of the maximum content showed no impact. This is especially remarkable because static material properties immediately decrease with the onset of moisture absorption. To identify the water absorption induced damage progress, light and scanning electron microscopy was used. As a result, the formation of debondings and cracks in the fibre–matrix interphase was detected in long-term conditioned specimens, although no mechanical loading was applied.

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“…The highly detailed timeline by Hartman was presented in 2014 and needs a few updates (and a sixth period in the timeline). During the recent years, ageing and corrosion studies have reached a new wave of interest, due to novel concepts and technologies being available [6][7][8][9]. Furthermore, composite materials recycling, started during the Hybrid Technology Integration Phase, is now one of the fastest growing niches of the composite research.…”

Section: The History Development and State-of-the-art Of The Composimentioning

confidence: 99%

Composite Material Recycling Technology – State-of-the-Art and Sustainable Development for the 2020s.

Krauklis¹,

Karl²,

Gagani³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Recently, significant events took place that added immensely to the sociotechnical pressure for developing sustainable composite recycling solutions, namely (1) a ban on composite landfilling in Germany in 2009, (2) the first major wave of composite wind turbines reaching their End-of-Life (EoL) and being decommissioned in 2019-2020, (3) the acceleration of aircraft decommissioning due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and (4) the increase of composites in mass production cars, thanks to the development of high volume technologies based on thermoplastic composites. Such sociotechnical pressure will only grow in the upcoming decade of 2020s as other countries are to follow Germany by limiting and banning landfill options, and by the ever-growing number of expired composites EoL waste. The recycling of composite materials will therefore play an important role in the future, in particular for the wind energy, but also for aerospace, automotive, construction and marine sectors to reduce environmental impacts and to meet the demand. The scope of this manuscript is a clear and condensed yet full state-of-the-art overview of the available composite recycling technologies of both low and high Technology Readiness Levels (TRL). TRL is a framework that has been used in many variations across industries to provide a measurement of technology maturity from idea generation (basic principles) to commercialization. In other words, this work should be treated as a technology review providing guidelines for the sustainable development of the industry that will benefit the society. The authors propose that one of the key aspects for the development of sustainable recycling technology is to identify the optimal recycling methods for different types of composites. Why is that the case can be answered with a simple price comparison of E-glass fibers (~2 $/kg) versus a typical carbon fiber on the market (~20 $/kg) – which of the two is more valuable to recover? However, the answer is more complicated than that – the glass fiber constitutes about 90% of the modern reinforcement market, and it is clear that different technologies are needed. Therefore, this work aims to provide clear guidelines for economically and environmentally sustainable End-of-Life (EoL) solutions and development of the composite material recycling.

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A combined experimental/numerical investigation on hygrothermal aging of fiber-reinforced composites

Cited by 41 publications

References 35 publications

Long-Term Hydrolytic Degradation of the Sizing-Rich Composite Interphase

Long-Term Hydrolytic Degradation of the Sizing-Rich Composite Interphase

Effects of Hygrothermal Ageing on the Interphase, Fatigue, and Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Epoxy

Composite Material Recycling Technology – State-of-the-Art and Sustainable Development for the 2020s.

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