A cold-blooded view of adaptive immunity

Flajnik, Martin F.

doi:10.1038/s41577-018-0003-9

Cited by 264 publications

(241 citation statements)

References 228 publications

(195 reference statements)

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“…8 and 9). Indeed, we would add to Mcfall-Ngai's [1] prescient framework quoted above and suggest that core bacteria that are more abundant in organisms with exclusively innate immunity may trade off this stability with more complex immune function during the evolution of adaptive immunity [68]. Indeed, top-down effects of immune function may be analogous to predation effects and promote maintenance of diversity by decreasing competition and allowing coexistence [79].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…8b). While strongly correlated with host phylogeny, the complexity of adaptive immune systems across hosts based on a review by Flajnik [68] was developed into a matrix and score for each host class (Additional file 1: Table S3). Inclusion of the scale of adaptive immune system complexity in the path model for internal microbiomes indicated a significant direct association with microbial phylogenetic diversity ( Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…*P < 0.001, Wilcoxon tests. b Mean internal sOTU richness correlates with adaptive immune system complexity based on the Flajnik [68] comparative immunology scale (see Additional file 1: Table S3) Fig. 9 Path model of internal microbiomes depicting direct and indirect effects of immune complexity in the context of the best biotic and abiotic predictors of microbial phylogenetic diversity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Host-associated microbiomes are predicted by immune system complexity and climate

et al. 2020

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Background: Host-associated microbiomes, the microorganisms occurring inside and on host surfaces, influence evolutionary, immunological, and ecological processes. Interactions between host and microbiome affect metabolism and contribute to host adaptation to changing environments. Meta-analyses of hostassociated bacterial communities have the potential to elucidate global-scale patterns of microbial community structure and function. It is possible that host surface-associated (external) microbiomes respond more strongly to variations in environmental factors, whereas internal microbiomes are more tightly linked to host factors. Results: Here, we use the dataset from the Earth Microbiome Project and accumulate data from 50 additional studies totaling 654 host species and over 15,000 samples to examine global-scale patterns of bacterial diversity and function. We analyze microbiomes from non-captive hosts sampled from natural habitats and find patterns with bioclimate and geophysical factors, as well as land use, host phylogeny, and trophic level/ diet. Specifically, external microbiomes are best explained by variations in mean daily temperature range and precipitation seasonality. In contrast, internal microbiomes are best explained by host factors such as phylogeny/immune complexity and trophic level/diet, plus climate. Conclusions: Internal microbiomes are predominantly associated with top-down effects, while climatic factors are stronger determinants of microbiomes on host external surfaces. Host immunity may act on microbiome diversity through top-down regulation analogous to predators in non-microbial ecosystems. Noting gaps in geographic and host sampling, this combined dataset represents a global baseline available for interrogation by future microbial ecology studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Host-associated microbiomes are predicted by immune system complexity and climate

et al. 2020

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“…Rather, a differentiated form of B cells, the plasmablasts, have been found as high as a 1000-fold increase, constituting up to 30% of the total PBMCs, in some cases even mimicking a plasma cell leukaemia during acute DENV infection (Gawoski and Ooi 2003;Balakrishnan et al 2011;Wrammert et al 2012). Most of these plasmablasts (70%) recognize DENV Most of DENV research has been performed in circulating blood cells from infected patients, in our study we evaluated the corresponding lymph nodes (DLNs) as crucial lymphoid organs evolved to facilitate the potential encounters between antigens and the low frequency of antigen-specific lymphocytes (Flajnik 2018). Using a previously established model of cutaneous DENV infection in immunocompetent mice (Yam-Puc et al 2015), we found by in situ evaluation and single-cell analysis, a nearly absent T cell proliferative response to DENV infection (measured by the expression of Ki-67), in both the CD4?…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cutaneous Dengue Virus Inoculation Triggers Strong B Cell Reactions but Contrastingly Poor T Cell Responses

et al. 2020

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Dengue is a global health problem without current specific treatment nor safe vaccines available. While severe dengue is related to pre-existing non-neutralizing dengue virus (DENV) antibodies, the role of T cells in protection or pathology is unclear. Using cutaneous DENV infection in immunocompetent mice we previously showed the generation of PNA? germinal centers (GCs), now we assessed the activation and proliferation of B and T cells in draining lymph nodes (DLNs). We found a drastic remodelling of DLN compartments from 7 to 14 days post-infection (dpi) with greatly enlarged B cell follicles, occupying almost half of the DLN area compared to *24% in naïve conditions. Enormous clusters of proliferating (Ki-67?) cells inside B follicles were found 14 dpi, representing *33% of B cells in DLNs but only *2% in noninfected mice. Inside GCs, we noticed an important recruitment of tingle body macrophages removing apoptotic cells. In contrast, the percentage of paracortex area and total T cells decreased by 14-16 dpi, compared to controls. Scattered randomly distributed Ki-67? T cells were found, similar to non-infected mice. CD69 expression by CD4? and CD8? T cells was minor, while it was remarkable in B cells, representing 1764.7% of change from basal levels 3 dpi. The apparent lack of T cell responses cannot be attributed to apoptosis since no significant differences were observed compared to noninfected mice. This study shows massive B cell activation and proliferation in DLNs upon DENV infection. In contrast, we found very poor, almost absent CD4? and CD8? T cell responses.

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“…Vertebrate adaptive immunity is characterized by the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I 444 and MHC class II proteins and their regulators. MHCI presents antigens derived from a cell's 445 intracellular environment, while MHCII presents antigens derived from material engulfed by 446 macrophages, B-cells or dendritic cells(Flajnik, 2018). We find 26 full length MHCI sequences from 447 the classic U-lineage and one sequence from the teleost-specific Z-lineage(Grimholt et al 2015; …”

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confidence: 90%

Evolved for success in novel environments: The round goby genome

Adrian‐Kalchhauser

Blomberg

Larsson³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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AbstractSince the beginning of global trade, hundreds of species have colonized territories outside of their native range. Some of these species proliferate at the expense of native ecosystems, i.e., have become invasive. Invasive species constitute powerful in situ experimental systems to study fast adaptation and directional selection on short ecological timescales. They also present promising case studies for ecological and evolutionary success in novel environments.We seize this unique opportunity to study genomic substrates for ecological success and adaptability to novel environments in a vertebrate. We report a highly contiguous long-read based genome assembly for the most successful temperate invasive fish, the benthic round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), and analyse gene families that may promote its impressive ecological success.Our approach provides novel insights from the large evolutionary scale to the small species-specific scale. We describe expansions in specific cytochrome P450 enzymes, a remarkably diverse innate immune system, an ancient duplication in red light vision accompanied by red skin fluorescence, evolutionary patterns in epigenetic regulators, and the presence of genes that may have contributed to the round goby’s capacity to invade cold and salty waters.A recurring theme across all analyzed gene families are gene expansions. This suggests that gene duplications may promote ecological flexibility, superior performance in novel environments, and underlie the impressive colonization success of the round goby. Gobiidae generally feature fascinating adaptations and are excellent colonizers. Further long-read genome approaches across the goby family may reveal whether the ability to conquer new habitats relates more generally to gene copy number expansions.

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A cold-blooded view of adaptive immunity

Cited by 264 publications

References 228 publications

Host-associated microbiomes are predicted by immune system complexity and climate

Host-associated microbiomes are predicted by immune system complexity and climate

Cutaneous Dengue Virus Inoculation Triggers Strong B Cell Reactions but Contrastingly Poor T Cell Responses

Evolved for success in novel environments: The round goby genome

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