A Brief Insight to the Electrophoretic Deposition of PEEK-, Chitosan-, Gelatin-, and Zein-Based Composite Coatings for Biomedical Applications: Recent Developments and Challenges

Abstract

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a powerful technique to assemble metals, polymer, ceramics, and composite materials into 2D, 3D, and intricately shaped implants. Polymers, proteins, and peptides can be deposited via EPD at room temperature without affecting their chemical structures. Furthermore, EPD is being used to deposit multifunctional coatings (i.e., bioactive, antibacterial, and biocompatible coatings). Recently, EPD was used to architect multi-structured coatings to improve mechanical and biological properties along with the controlled release of drugs/metallic ions. The key characteristics of EPD coatings in terms of inorganic bioactivity and their angiogenic potential coupled with antibacterial properties are the key elements enabling advanced applications of EPD in orthopedic applications. In the emerging field of EPD coatings for hard tissue and soft tissue engineering, an overview of such applications will be presented. The progress in the development of EPD-based polymeric or composite coatings, including their application in orthopedic and targeted drug delivery approaches, will be discussed, with a focus on the effect of different biologically active ions/drugs released from EPD deposits. The literature under discussion involves EPD coatings consisting of chitosan (Chi), zein, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and their composites. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo investigations of EPD coatings will be discussed in relation to the current main challenge of orthopedic implants, namely that the biomaterial must provide good bone-binding ability and mechanical compatibility.

Zn–Mn-Doped Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Nanoparticle-Loaded Zein Coatings for Bioactive and Antibacterial Orthopedic Implants

“…It is a biocompatible and biodegradable material composed of prolamin [ 14 ]. In recent years, owing to its favorable properties, zein is being used as a coating material on implants, targeted drug delivery, and tissue engineering applications [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. However, zein has a low mechanical strength and, for this reason, it is usually mixed with inorganic ceramic materials, such as silicate glasses, particularly, 45S5 bioactive glass (BG), hydroxyapatite (HA), and calcium phosphates [ 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Cathodic electrodeposition of organic nanocomposite coatings reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals

“…3 Electrophoretic deposition has evolved from being restricted to traditional ceramics 4 to recently becoming an important tool in the processing of advanced materials such as silica sol-gel coatings, 5,6 carbon nanostructures and their composites, [7][8][9][10] and polymer nanocomposites. [10][11][12][13][14] Much interest has been drawn towards using cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as a component in different water-borne polymer matrices for coating on metallic surfaces via traditional coating methods (e.g., casting, paint brush, tube applicator). [15][16][17][18][19][20] This interest is mainly attributed to the sustainability and the exceptional inherent properties of CNCs such as high crystallinity (B80-90%), 21 outstanding elastic modulus (145-150 GPa), 22 and high thermal stability (decomposition T B 200-300 1C).…”

“…3 Electrophoretic deposition has evolved from being restricted to traditional ceramics 4 to recently becoming an important tool in the processing of advanced materials such as silica sol–gel coatings, 5,6 carbon nanostructures and their composites, 7–10 and polymer nanocomposites. 10–14…”

Nanoparticle-modified coatings by electrophoretic deposition for corrosion protection of magnesium

“…The latter approach is more favourable as it allows fine-tuning the surface corrosion resistance while preserving the advantageous bulk properties [9]. Numerous surface modifications of Mg alloys have been researched by different methods, such as electrochemical treatment, alkali heat treatment, conversion coating, spin coating, and electrophoretic deposition (EPD) [11][12][13][14][15][16][17].…”