A bottom-up analysis of China’s iron and steel industrial energy consumption and CO2 emissions

Chen, Wenying; Yin, Xiang; Ma, Ding

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.06.002

Cited by 267 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (CAMECA NanoSIMS 50) with a Cs primary source (16 keV) was used for precisely measuring boron and other light elements. A scan area of 25×25 μm 2 and an acquisition time of 45 min were applied. X-ray diffraction (D/MAX-255, Cu Kα) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, JEM 2100F, 200kV)…”

Section: Accepted M M a N U mentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct fabrication of high-performance high speed steel products enhanced by LaB 6

et al. 2016

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A direct fabrication technology (DFT) without smelting has been developed for fabricating sophisticated high speed steel products with low pollution, near-net shaping and short process. The steel consisting of (wt. %): 6.4W, 5.0Mo, 4.2Cr, 3.1V, 8.5Co and 1.28C, was fabricated as exemplary material. The activated and reactive sintering of green compacts under vacuum with low activation energy, redox reaction enhanced diffusion and the construction of concentration gradient of alloying elements around pores, promotes the nearly full densification (>99.40%). Also, the DFT steels show high purity and superior mechanical properties. Minor strengthening agent LaB 6 (0.1 wt. %), which is easily to be accurately introduced in DFT, obviously increases the hot hardness, temper resistance, bend strength and toughness of DFT M3:2. The strengthening effect of boron atoms and La-rich complexes are proposed to directly result in the high hot hardness and temper resistance of LaB 6 containing steel.

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Section: Accepted M M a N U mentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct fabrication of high-performance high speed steel products enhanced by LaB 6

et al. 2016

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“…Artificial manipulation within the context of these two factors may alter the price of steel resulting in spikes and volatility but these two core factors still determine the character of the steel market. In this regard, demand over the prior several years has been estimated to have increased by some 3-4% because of increased infrastructure buildout throughout many Asia markets and primarily within China (Chen, Yin & Ma, 2014). Of course, once there is demand in other markets, this in turn utilizes increased amounts of supplies that are available in the marketplace.…”

Section: The Global Steel Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Downstream Stockpiling of Steel Inventories and Artificial Demand: The Case of Saudi Arabia

Alfayad

2016

ABR

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This research study has analyzed how downstream stockpiling within the steel industry and its supply channel actually disrupts the efficiency of the supply chain. The premise upon which this study has been approached is one that states that such downstream stockpiling tends to create artificial demand both upstream in the supply chain and in the marketplace. This subject is examined within the context of the Saudi Arabia steel industry and how this type of phenomenon resulted in steel shortages within the Saudi steel market. The study's data found that the Saudi steel market is expected to expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of some 11.7% over the next several years. Furthermore, Saudi Arabia has experienced a number of periods of shortages in the supply of steel products. These steel shortages were shown to have resulted in spikes in the price of the commodity for supply chain participants and consumers. The data and information in this study all support the notion that a certain amount of volatility within Saudi Arabia with respect to the steel industry and the supply chain exists. The Kingdom has attempted to compensate for supply chain hoarding and stockpiling by increasing its domestic output which can be utilized to smooth out supply shortages within the supply chain. The study found that the actual result of this rationale in developing buffers is that it quickly transitions into stockpiling. This in turn results in further negative outcomes such as bullwhip effects up and downstream in the supply channel. The information that has been studied revealed that this point at which buffer inventories cross over into what is referred to as hoarding territory can be found through a specific formula. This formula was shown to be the EOQ calculation or the economic order quantity. This calculation utilizes real demand times in the supply chain along with reordering costs divided by the product carrying cost to arrive at an accurate figure. In practice, if the EOQ finds that the annual total steel expense exceeds the annual carrying costs for the inventory then there is excessive inventory or stockpiling in the supply chain. The study has also found that the Saudi Arabia supply chain requires a more efficient way to organize the product flow through the entire steel supply chain. This more efficient methodology would be a supply chain that is organized through the fast-moving, slow-moving and non-moving methodology. This methodology ensures that slow-moving steel products like crude steel, flats and galvanized steel are assigned to the slowmoving category and inventory these items at much lower levels. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEWThis research report examines how downstream stockpiling within the steel industry supply channel disrupts the overall supply chain. The premise that this study is approached with argues that such downstream stockpiling tends to create artificial demand in the marketplace.

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“…With the bottom-up modeling method, Wen et al (2014) applied the AIM model to estimate the potentials of energy conservation and CO 2 mitigation in China's iron and steel industry during 2010-2020. Xu et al (2014) and Karali et al (2014) used the ISEEM model to analyze the roles of energy-efficiency measures in achieving specific carbon reduction targets in the same industry of U.S. Chen et al (2014) also applied the China-TIMES model to study the carbon mitigation strategies and corresponding impacts. Using the CSC method, Morrow et al (2014) analyzed 25 energy-efficiency measures applicable to India's iron and steel industry.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantify the energy and environmental benefits of implementing energy-efficiency measures in China’s iron and steel production

Chen

2015

Future Cities and Environment

Self Cite

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As one of the most energy-, emission-and pollution-intensive industries, iron and steel production is responsible for significant emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollutants. Although many energy-efficiency measures have been proposed by the Chinese government to mitigate GHG emissions and to improve air quality, lacking full understanding of the costs and benefits has created barriers against implementing these measures widely. This paper sets out to advance the understanding by addressing the knowledge gap in costs, benefits, and costeffectiveness of energy-efficiency measures in iron and steel production. Specifically, we build a new evaluation framework to quantify energy benefits and environmental benefits (i.e., CO 2 emission reduction, air-pollutants emission reduction and water savings) associated with 36 energy-efficiency measures. Results show that inclusion of benefits from CO 2 and air-pollutants emission reduction affects the cost-effectiveness of energy-efficiency measures significantly, while impacts from water-savings benefits are moderate but notable when compared to the effects by considering energy benefits alone. The new information resulted from this study should be used to augment future programs and efforts in reducing energy use and environmental impacts associated with steel production.

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A bottom-up analysis of China’s iron and steel industrial energy consumption and CO2 emissions

Cited by 267 publications

References 22 publications

Direct fabrication of high-performance high speed steel products enhanced by LaB 6

Direct fabrication of high-performance high speed steel products enhanced by LaB 6

Downstream Stockpiling of Steel Inventories and Artificial Demand: The Case of Saudi Arabia

Quantify the energy and environmental benefits of implementing energy-efficiency measures in China’s iron and steel production

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