A bi-level stochastic scheduling optimization model for a virtual power plant connected to a wind–photovoltaic–energy storage system considering the uncertainty and demand response

Abstract

To reduce the uncertain influence of wind power and solar photovoltaic power on virtual power 11 plant (VPP) operation, robust optimization theory (ROT) is introduced to build a stochastic scheduling 12 model for VPP considering the uncertainty, price-based demand response (PBDR) and incentive-based 13 demand response (IBDR). First, the VPP components are described including the wind power plant (WPP), 14 photovoltaic generators (PV), convention gas turbine (CGT), energy storage systems (ESSs) and demand 15 resource providers (DRPs). Then, a scenario generation and reduction frame is proposed for analyzing and 16 simulating output stochastics based on the interval method and the Kantorovich distance. Second, a 17 bi-level robust scheduling model is proposed with a double robust coefficient for WPP and PV. In the 18 upper layer model, the maximum VPP operation income is taken as the optimization objective for building 19 the scheduling model with the day-ahead prediction output of WPP and PV. In the lower layer model, the 20 day-ahead scheduling scheme is revised with the actual output of the WPP and PV under the objectives of 21 the minimum system net load and the minimum system operation cost. Finally, the independent micro-grid 22 in a coastal island in eastern China is used for the simulation analysis. The results illustrate that the model 23 can overcome the influence of uncertainty on VPP operations and reduce the system power shortage cost 24 by connecting the day-ahead scheduling with the real-time scheduling. ROT could provide a flexible 25 decision tool for decision makers, effectively addressing system uncertainties. ESSs could replace CGT to 26 provide backup service for the WPP and PV, to smooth the VPP output curve and to improve the WPP and 27 © 2016. This manuscript version is made available under the Elsevier user license http://www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ PV grid connection by its charging-discharging characteristics. Meanwhile, IBDR and PBDR could 28 smooth the load curve to the maximum extent, link the generation side with the demand side to minimize 29 abandoned power value and reach the optimum benefit of VPP operation. 30 1 Introduction 32 Since energy and environmental problems become very serious, distributed energy resources (DERs), 33 especially wind power and solar photovoltaic power, are playing increasingly important roles in the energy 34 structure. However, constraints of small installed capacity, intermittence, uncertainty and other 35 characteristics, make entrance and operation of the power market difficult for DERs[1]. Thus, the virtual 36 power plant (VPP) was proposed as a new technology for DERs in the power market [2]. Without changing 37 the DERs grid connection method, VPP integrates different types of DERs, such as distributed power 38 sources, energy storage systems and controllable loads, by using advanced control, calculation and 39 communication technology [3]. In recent years, smart grid technology has gained significant attention. The 40 government...

Joint Scheduling Optimization of Virtual Power Plants and Equitable Profit Distribution Using Shapely Value Theory

“…The proposed models could be solved by mixed integer nonlinear programming method and the simplified solution has been described in the existing literature [6].…”

“…However, wind and solar photovoltaic power generation are significantly influenced by environmental and climatic factors, which makes their output strongly volatile and uncertain and has a large influence on power grid scheduling and operation [4,5]. The research conducted on this problem has mainly focused on power system day-ahead scheduling with wind and solar photovoltaic power grid connection [6,7] and ancillary service (AS) decision [8,9].…”

“…Most of the scheduling optimization research deals with day-ahead (24 h) scheduling problems to verify the effectiveness of the proposed models and the promotion effect on energy efficiency [30]. Some bilevel day-and hour-ahead short-term (ultrashort-term) research [6,31] pursuits higher scheduling accuracy and reduces system peak-valley shifting and backup service requirement. Long-term research mainly aims to find the optimal ESS capacity configuration and operation scheme [32,33].…”

A review on the virtual power plant: Components and operation systems

“…The trading model considers the uncertainty of stochastic variables of the VPP. In the direction of moderating the uncertain effects of wind and solar units in a VPP, a robust optimization is presented in [46] to produce a stochastic model considering DR. In [47], a stochastic approach is offered for VPPs considering diverse uncertainties in generation units, electricity consumption and price.…”

New Configuration and Novel Reclosing Procedure of Distribution System for Utilization of BESS as UPS in Smart Grid

“…In addition, various studies have been performed. In [1][2][3][4][5], the control strategies for the output smoothing through linkage of the BESS and renewable energy were discussed. In [6][7][8][9], the energy management strategy using a BESS were discussed.…”