"A" and "V" phenomena.

Abstract

BIELSCHOWSKY (1935), Danis (1948), andRingland Anderson (1959) noted divergence on looking up and convergence on looking down in normal individuals. UrretsZavalia (1955) stressed the need for examination of the amplitude of deviation on upward and downward gaze. Urist (1951Urist ( , 1954a gave the name of Urist's syndrome to secondary vertical squints and classified them into four groups. Albert and Costenbader (1959) gave the name of "A and V syndrome" to vertically incomitant squint and described "A" and "V" esotropia and exotropia. They did not define the limits of normal deviation in the direct up and down positions of gaze. Material and MethodsWe have studied 55 patients with the "A" and "V" phenomena who attended the Ophthalmic Departments of Rajendra Hospital, Patiala, and the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences.The time of onset of squint, and any past illness, injury, or other abnormality were recorded. Besides the usual fundus examination and refraction, the angle of deviation in different directions of gaze was measured by: A pen torch-light was fixed on a stand at a fixed distance of 33 cm. The horizontal deviations, if any, were measured on movements of 250 upwards and downwards from the primary position.Photographs were taken in three directions of gaze (upwards, downwards, and in the primary position) in our fifty cases of pure "A" and "V" phenomena and in all nine directions of gaze in our five cases of impure "A" and "V" phenomena. The deviations were measured for near as well as for distance with and without correcting glasses. The head was always kept fixed and straight. (ii) Age and Sex (Table II, opposite).-All 55 (28 females and 27 males) gave a history of deviation since childhood. The condition appears to be equally common in both sexes and is perhaps congenitally determined. The role of heredity could not be determined.(iii) Type of Squint.-In thirty cases the squint was alternating and in 25 it was unilateral.

Multitarget‐directed therapeutics: (Urea/thiourea)2 derivatives of diverse heterocyclic‐Lys conjugates

“…In vitro antifungal activity was evaluated against human pathogens of A. niger and F. moniliforme by the agar well diffusion method as well as microdilution method [ 41 ] with slight modifications. [ 42 ]…”

Multitarget‐directed therapeutics: (Urea/thiourea)2 derivatives of diverse heterocyclic‐Lys conjugates

“…In vitro antifungal activity was evaluated against human pathogens of A. niger and F. moniliforme by the agar well diffusion method as well as microdilution method [ 41 ] with slight modifications. [ 42 ]…”

Asymmetric reduction of imines with trichlorosilane catalyzed by valine-derived formamide immobilized onto magnetic nano-Fe 3 O 4

“…In 2009, Malkov and Kocovsky rst developed N-formyl-L-valine derived organocatalysts immobilised onto gold nanoparticles. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Moreover, MNPs supported catalyst can rapidly disperse in reaction solvent. 18 In 2010, they synthesized dendron-anchored N-formyl-L-valine derived organocatalysts to catalyze the symmetric reduction of imines with trichlorosilane.…”

Multitarget‐directed therapeutics: (Urea/thiourea)2 derivatives of diverse heterocyclic‐Lys conjugates

“…In vitro antifungal activity was evaluated against human pathogens of A. niger and F. moniliforme by the agar well diffusion method as well as microdilution method [ 41 ] with slight modifications. [ 42 ]…”

Asymmetric reduction of imines with trichlorosilane catalyzed by valine-derived formamide immobilized onto magnetic nano-Fe 3 O 4

“…In 2009, Malkov and Kocovsky rst developed N-formyl-L-valine derived organocatalysts immobilised onto gold nanoparticles. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Moreover, MNPs supported catalyst can rapidly disperse in reaction solvent. 18 In 2010, they synthesized dendron-anchored N-formyl-L-valine derived organocatalysts to catalyze the symmetric reduction of imines with trichlorosilane.…”

Multitarget‐directed therapeutics: (Urea/thiourea)2 derivatives of diverse heterocyclic‐Lys conjugates

“…In vitro antifungal activity was evaluated against human pathogens of A. niger and F. moniliforme by the agar well diffusion method as well as microdilution method [ 41 ] with slight modifications. [ 42 ]…”

Asymmetric reduction of imines with trichlorosilane catalyzed by valine-derived formamide immobilized onto magnetic nano-Fe 3 O 4

“…In 2009, Malkov and Kocovsky rst developed N-formyl-L-valine derived organocatalysts immobilised onto gold nanoparticles. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Moreover, MNPs supported catalyst can rapidly disperse in reaction solvent. 18 In 2010, they synthesized dendron-anchored N-formyl-L-valine derived organocatalysts to catalyze the symmetric reduction of imines with trichlorosilane.…”