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Gabe, D. R.; Wilcox, G.D.; González-Garcı́a, José; Walsh, Frank C.

doi:10.1023/a:1003464415930

Cited by 127 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Three different flow regimes can be distinguished: laminar, transitional (laminar to turbulent) and turbulent but it is important to realise that, at commonly encountered rotation speeds, the smooth RDE remains in laminar flow while, even at relatively low rotation speeds, the RCE generates severe turbulence and mixing. 55,56 For micron sized particles, there is generally no significant influence of electrolyte flow on particle content in the laminar region; in the transition regime, the particle content increases at higher flow rates; and in the turbulent regime, the particle content tends to decrease as the rate of flow increases. 10 Despite the known importance of convective-diffusion, hence relative cathode-bath movement, many academic studies of composite plating have been carried out under poorly characterised or badly controlled hydrodynamic conditions.…”

Section: Importance Of Plating Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Few workers would deny the convenience and availability but the poorly defined, difficult to replicate, complex and vortex-prone flow induced by a magnetic stirrer follower in a parallel plate geometry is rarely appreciated. In a few cases, however, rotating disc electrode (RDE), 24 rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) 23,55,56 have been used to offer well-defined laminar or turbulent flow together with predictable mass transport to smooth electrode surfaces. A few workers have preferred flat electrodes in rectangular channel flow for convenience and to simulate industrial practice, as in the case of recent studies on electrically conductive nickelgraphite.…”

Section: Importance Of Plating Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review of the electrodeposition of metal matrix composite coatings by inclusion of particles in a metal layer: an established and diversifying technology

Walsh

León

2014

Transactions of the IMF

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327

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Following a brief overview of their history, which dates back to the 1920s with marked developments during the 1960s and 1970s, the principles of composite coatings, achieved by including particles dispersed in a bath into a growing electrodeposited metal layer, are considered. The principles and role of electroplating compared to other techniques for realising such coatings, are considered. A good quality particle dispersion (often aided by a suitable type and concentration of surfactants) appropriate choice of work-piece shape/geometry and controlled agitation in the bath are seen to be prerequisites for achieving uniform coatings having a well-dispersed particle content by electroplating. Examples are provided to illustrate the influence of bath composition and plating conditions on deposit properties. Engineering applications of included particle composite layers are illustrated by examples of hard ceramic, soft ceramic and polymer inclusion composite coatings from the recent literature. Current trends in the development of composite plated coatings are summarised and their diverse applications are seen to include the use of finely structured (especially nanostructured) and functionally active particles together with hybrid and more complex, e.g. hierarchical, structures for applications ranging from tribology to speciality electronics, magnetic and electrochemical energy conversion materials.

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Section: Importance Of Plating Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Importance Of Plating Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of the electrodeposition of metal matrix composite coatings by inclusion of particles in a metal layer: an established and diversifying technology

Walsh

León

2014

Transactions of the IMF

Self Cite

327

171

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“…The RCE is usually surrounded by carbon anodes and rotates at speeds of 50-300 rpm. Specialized, divided, and scraped RCE reactors can be used for the continuous removal of metal as powder [29][30][31][32]. A more common reactor configuration is used in the removal of silver from photographic processing liquors, particularly thiosulphate-based fixer solutions [32].…”

Section: Removal Of Metal Ion By Cathodic Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical technology for environmental treatment and clean energy conversion

Walsh

2001

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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174

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Abstract:The applications of electrochemical technology in environmental treatment, materials recycling, and clean synthesis are briefly reviewed. The diversity of these applications is shown by the number of industrial sectors involved. The scale of operation ranges from microelectrodes to large industrial cell rooms. The features of electrochemical processes are summarized.Available and developing electrode designs are considered and illustrated by examples including the regeneration of chromic acid electroplating baths, metal ion removal by porous, 3-dimensional cathodes, rotating cylinder electrodes (RCEs), and a reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) RCE. The use of performance indicators based on mass transport, electrode area, and power consumption is emphasized.Electrochemical reactors for energy conversion are considered, with an emphasis on load-leveling and proton-exchange membrane (PEM) (hydrogen-oxygen) fuel cells. Ionexchange membranes play an essential role in such reactors, and the variation of electrical resistance vs. membrane thickness is described for a series of extruded, Nafion® 1100 EW materials. The characterization of high-surface-area, platinized Nafion surfaces is also considered. The development of modular, filter-press cells as redox flow cells in electrical loadleveling applications is concisely described.Trends in electrode, membrane, and reactor design are highlighted, and the challenges for the development of improved reactors for environmental treatment are noted.

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“…In laminar flow (Re<200 [10] typically w <10 rev min -1 ) the dimensionless correlation can be written [8,11]:…”

Section: Dimensionless Group Mass Transport Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1993 Poulson contributed a useful paper on hydrodynamic effects on corrosion [20] while Silverman contributed a review on corrosion studies at the RCE in 2004, which focused on peripheral velocity and mass transfer [11]. The continued development of the RCE in applied electrochemistry was highlighted in 1998 [10], while the electrodeposition of metals was extensively reviewed in 2005 [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The rotating cylinder electrode for studies of corrosion engineering and protection of metals—An illustrated review

et al. 2017

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Cited by 127 publications

References 77 publications

A review of the electrodeposition of metal matrix composite coatings by inclusion of particles in a metal layer: an established and diversifying technology

A review of the electrodeposition of metal matrix composite coatings by inclusion of particles in a metal layer: an established and diversifying technology

Electrochemical technology for environmental treatment and clean energy conversion

The rotating cylinder electrode for studies of corrosion engineering and protection of metals—An illustrated review

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