“…In recent years several new methods have been reported for synthesis of 2,3-substituted quinolines in the liquid phase using transition metal-based Lewis acid catalysts, such as palladium, ruthenium, rhodium and iron complexes and aldehydes or alcohols in the presence of CO. [192][193][194][195] A number of attempts to synthesize quinolines in the vapour phase were also successful. [196][197][198][199][200] The gas-phase quinoline synthesis was reported by McAteer et al, 196 Ln(OTf) 3 and Sc(OTf) 3 were used to promote three component coupling reactions between aldehydes, amines, and dienes or alkenes. These Lewis acid catalysts were active in imine formation and successive imino Diels-Alder type reactions.…”