738 Physical Complaints of Haitian Children in Refugee Camps Two Weeks After the 2010 Earthquake

Abstract

Aims: To look at the association between level of social deprivation and incidence of penetrating trauma in children in London.

Maternal-to-fetal allopurinol transfer and xanthine oxidase suppression in the late gestation pregnant rat

“…Previous reports have confirmed that maternal treatment with allopurinol crosses the ovine (Masaoka et al 2005; Derks et al 2010), porcine (van Dijk et al 2008), and human (Boda et al 1999; Torrance et al 2009) placenta to increase fetal plasma concentrations of allopurinol and oxypurinol. In sheep, a dose of 20 mg kg −1 i.v.…”

“…Despite intense basic science research and clinical trials investigating the potential neuroprotective effects of the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol on the fetal brain during and following acute fetal hypoxia (Boda et al 1984; Van Bel et al 1998; Benders et al 2006; Derks et al 2006, 2010; van Dijk et al 2008; Kaandorp et al 2010, 2011a,b), no animal model exists that offers the possibility of maternal administration of allopurinol and long-term follow up of the treated offspring. Here, we show that allopurinol administered orally to the pregnant rat during late pregnancy leads to therapeutic rises in circulating allopurinol and oxypurinol in the mother and fetus.…”

“…In sheep, a dose of 20 mg kg −1 i.v. to the maternal ewe led to peak maternal allopurinol and oxypurinol concentrations of 47 and 17 μ g mL −1 , respectively, and allopurinol concentrations of approximately 5 μ g mL −1 in the fetus (Derks et al 2010). In a pregnant sow and piglet model, 15 mg kg −1 allopurinol given intravenously to the mother led to fetal peak concentrations of 5 μ g mg −1 (van Dijk et al 2008).…”

“…This clinical interest in antenatal maternal administration of allopurinol follows previous studies which reported that allopurinol treatment in the asphyxiated neonate improved neonatal outcome (Van Bel et al 1998), but if the time interval between hypoxia and treatment had been too long, or when fetal hypoxia had been too severe, no reduction in serious morbidity or mortality was observed (Benders et al 2006). Therefore, there has been growing clinical and scientific interest in establishing whether perinatal outcome may be improved in complicated labor if the window of treatment with allopurinol could be initiated before birth, for instance, via maternal treatment to cover the actual period of fetal hypoxia and reperfusion (Derks et al 2010; Kaandorp et al 2010). …”

“…Whereas there have been studies in large animals including the pregnant ewe (Masaoka et al 2005; Derks et al 2010) and sow (van Dijk et al 2008), no small animal model of allopurinol administration to the mother during pregnancy has been established. Such a model is indispensable in species with a comparatively shorter life span to allow follow up of the effects of xanthine oxidase inhibition during pregnancy on the physiology of the offspring in later life.…”