5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication Implementation Challenges and Operational Issues with IoT Devices

Siddiqi, Murtaza Ahmed; Yu, Heejung; Joung, Jingon

doi:10.3390/electronics8090981

Cited by 161 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…where F e (θ, ∅) is the elemental pattern, and the array factor (AF) is I ne e jkz ne cosθ (3) where N e denotes the number of antenna elements in a subarray and I ne is the complex weight for ne-th antenna element. Z ne represents the spacing of antenna elements in a subarray.…”

Section: Design Theory Of the Subarraymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A High Channel Consistency Subarray of Plane-Wave Generators for 5G Base Station OTA Testing

2019

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A high channel consistency subarray of plane-wave generators (PWG) is described for fifth-generation (5G) base station (BS) over-the-air (OTA) testing. Firstly, the variation of the near field radiation characteristics of the subarray based on the feed amplitude and phase errors of the traditional power divider network is analyzed. The recommended amplitude and phase errors between channels are given. After that, a novel subarray which combines four pyramidal horn antennas and a compact 1:4 waveguide power divider is designed. The optimized perfectly symmetrical zigzag waveguide transmission lines are used to realize consistent power allocation among antenna elements. No intermediate pins are employed, which avoids the significant deterioration of channel consistency caused by assembly errors. The size of the subarray is 4.89 λ0 × 4.97 λ0 × 1.23 λ0 (λ0 is the working wavelength corresponding to the subarray center frequency at 3.5 GHz). The VSWR < 1.5 impedance bandwidth covers 3.4 GHz to 3.6 GHz. The amplitude difference between the four elements of the subarray is less than 0.5 dB, and the phase difference is less than 3°. The simulated and measured results agree well in this design.

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Section: Design Theory Of the Subarraymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to meet the demands of growing mobile service which contain high data rates, large capacity, high reliability, and low latency, fifth-generation (5G) communication technologies are being developed [1][2][3][4][5]. At present, a massive MIMO active antenna is being adopted in 5G base stations (BSs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A High Channel Consistency Subarray of Plane-Wave Generators for 5G Base Station OTA Testing

2019

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“…To provide the advanced connectivity to CPS, 5G technology is considered as one of the most important, because it integrates entities, communications, and control technologies [4,5], as 5G supports enhanced mobile broadband communications, ultra-reliable and low-latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine-type communications (mMTC) [6,7]. In this environment, URLLC and mMTC in 5G are closely related to CPS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Methodology for Network Analysis to Improve the Cyber-Physicals Communications in Next-Generation Networks

Cortés-Polo¹,

Gil²,

González-Sánchez³

et al. 2020

Sensors

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Cyber-physical systems allow creating new applications and services which will bring people, data, processes, and things together. The network is the backbone that interconnects this new paradigm, especially 5G networks that will expand the coverage, reduce the latency, and enhance the data rate. In this sense, network analytics will increase the knowledge about the network and its interconnected devices, being a key feature especially with the increment in the number of physical things (sensors, actuators, smartphones, tablets, and so on). With this increment, the usage of online networking services and applications will grow, and network operators require to detect and analyze all issues related to the network. In this article, a methodology to analyze real network information provided by a network operator and acquire knowledge of the communications is presented. Various real data sets, provided by Telecom Italia, are analyzed to compare two different zones: one located in the urban area of Milan, Italy, and its surroundings, and the second in the province of Trento, Italy. These data sets describe different areas and shapes that cover a metropolitan area in the first case and a mainly rural area in the second case, which implies that these areas will have different comportments. To compare these comportments and group them in a single cluster set, a new technique is presented in this paper to establish a relationship between them and reduce those that could be similar.

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“…Nevertheless, 5G will be unprecedented: despite being prepared and designed to be optimized by design, with several energy efficiency (EE) techniques combined with several methods to increase overall throughput and user quality of experience (QoE) and overall quality of service (QoS), B5G NR networks will face a multitude of challenges driven by massive data-hungry subscribers and highly performant end user devices capable of generating enormous amounts of traffic, not solely in downlink but also in uplink. 5G NR and beyond will be fully heterogenous networks (HetNets), with cellular radio access technology (RAT) but also wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) RAT, where Internet of things (IoT) devices will also play an important role [1]. These networks will have a multitude of With all the changes that have taken place, it is expected that energy consumption will rise also unprecedently in 5G and beyond networks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Step Greener: Reducing 5G and Beyond Networks’ Carbon Footprint by 2-Tiering Energy Efficiency with CO2 Offsetting

et al. 2020

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Fifth generation (5G) and Beyond-5G (B5G) will be characterized by highly dense deployments, both on network plane and user plane. Internet of Things, massive sensor deployments and base stations will drive even more energy consumption. User behavior towards mobile service usage is witnessing a paradigm shift with heavy capacity, demanding services resulting in an increase of both screen time and data transfers, which leads to additional power consumption. Mobile network operators will face additional energetic challenges, mainly related to power consumption and network sustainability, starting right in the planning phase with concepts like energy efficiency and greenness by design coming into play. The main contribution of this work is a two-tier method to address such challenges leading to positively-offset carbon dioxide emissions related to mobile networks using a novel approach. The first tier contributes to overall power reduction and optimization based on energy efficient methods applied to 5G and B5G networks. The second tier aims to offset the remaining operational power usage by completely offsetting its carbon footprint through geosequestration. This way, we show that the objective of minimizing overall networks’ carbon footprint is achievable. Conclusions are drawn and it is shown that carbon sequestration initiatives or program adherence represent a negligible cost impact on overall network cost, with the added value of greener and more environmentally friendly network operation. This can also relieve the pressure on mobile network operators in order to maximize compliance with environmentally neutral activity.

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5G Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication Implementation Challenges and Operational Issues with IoT Devices

Cited by 161 publications

References 47 publications

A High Channel Consistency Subarray of Plane-Wave Generators for 5G Base Station OTA Testing

A High Channel Consistency Subarray of Plane-Wave Generators for 5G Base Station OTA Testing

A Methodology for Network Analysis to Improve the Cyber-Physicals Communications in Next-Generation Networks

One Step Greener: Reducing 5G and Beyond Networks’ Carbon Footprint by 2-Tiering Energy Efficiency with CO2 Offsetting

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