5G antenna characterization in the far-field: How close can far-field be?

Derat, Benoît

doi:10.1109/isemc.2018.8393926

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The applied normalisation compares the values to the one at maximum simulation distance (600 cm). The observed trends can be clearly understood from the theory of spherical wave expansion, applying a similar rationale as in [2]. Indeed, due to the spatial cut-off of Hankel functions, the highest amount of active power is carried by lower order spherical modes.…”

Section: Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…where D is replaced by D SGH . According to [2], r De, SGH is the distance where the peak beam of the SGH is formed and the radiation intensity, defined as…”

Section: Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main radiation beam is hence mostly determined by these modes, while side lobes and regions off the peak receive more influence from higher order modes. A spherical mode of order N gets very close to its asymptotic FF form at kR ≥ N 2 + N [2,14]. As a consequence, the main beam direction will generally show faster spatial convergence to FF, as compared to other angular regions of the radiation.…”

Section: Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was demonstrated in [2] that this distance can be largely reduced if the main focus is on evaluating the peak realised gain or the maximum equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP) rather than the complete radiation pattern. Yet, many quantities, including radiated spurious emissions, must be evaluated and compared to recognised limits in terms of total radiated power (TRP), which is the total active power flowing through a surface enclosing the device under test (DUT).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shortest range length to measure the total radiated power

Derat

Hamberger

Michaelsen

2019

IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation

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Total radiated power (TRP) is a key performance metric in over‐the‐air (OTA) testing of wireless devices. The TRP is evaluated by integration of the power density over a surface enclosing the device under test (DUT). In principle, this total power flow shall be independent from the surface. However, the power received at the instrumentation in a given polarisation typically relates to the intensity of the corresponding component of the impinging E‐field. In the far‐field, the E‐field magnitude and power density are straightforwardly related, but not in the near‐field. Therefore, the measured TRP generally depends on the scanned surface and test distance. This study introduces a closed‐form expression for the measured power integrated over a surface surrounding the DUT, including the influence of the probe. The formulas are first applied to simulated spherical testing systems, where three different measurement probes coupled to a DUT model radiating at 28 GHz. Results are then validated experimentally in two spherical scanners, using physical samples of one of the modelled probes and the DUT. Both numerical and experimental results confirm the Fraunhofer distance as a lower bound range length for OTA TRP evaluation with negligible influence from the measurement probe.

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Section: Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…where D is replaced by D SGH . According to [2], r De, SGH is the distance where the peak beam of the SGH is formed and the radiation intensity, defined as…”

Section: Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Simulation Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Shortest range length to measure the total radiated power

Derat

Hamberger

Michaelsen

2019

IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation

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“…7. At a relatively far distance even still within the radiating near field, the peak incident power density can be well characterized by the far-field pattern [40], [41]. This means, particularly for small arrays, the maximum exposure that determines P MPT , for d = 20 cm is approximately inversely proportional to the antenna gain, which is frequency-independent for the same array topology.…”

Section: A Averaging Area Size Determining Compliance For Icnirp Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Incident Power Density Limits on Power and EIRP Levels of 5G Millimeter-Wave User Equipment

Yao

et al. 2020

IEEE Access

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User equipment (UE) is required to comply with the relevant radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure limits, which are of relevance to establish the maximum permissible transmitted power and the maximum equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP). Recently, international RF EMF exposure guidelines, such as those published by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) as well as by the IEEE, have been updated. In this paper, the implications of the revised incident power density limits are investigated in terms of maximum permissible transmitted power and the maximum EIRP for devices operating in close proximity of the user. A similar analysis is conducted according to the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulation on RF exposure. EMF compliance of UE is studied by means of numerical modelling of patch antenna arrays of different array sizes taking into consideration of possible beam-steering operations, at frequencies ranging from 10 GHz to 100 GHz. The results are compared with the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) requirements on the total radiated power (TRP) and EIRP levels. The present implications of the incident power density limits for 5G millimeter-wave UE will give valuable insights to mobile equipment manufacturers, network operators, and standardization bodies. INDEX TERMS 5G, antenna array, beam-steering, EIRP, incident power density, maximum permissible transmitted power, millimeter wave, RF EMF exposure, user equipment

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