Abstract:In this work, a 3D printed sensor modified with a water-stable complex of Fe(III) basic benzoate is presented for the voltammetric detection of glucose (GLU) in acidic epidermal skin conditions. The GLU sensor was produced by the drop-casting of Fe(III)-cluster ethanolic mixture on the surface of a 3D printed electrode fabricated by a carbon black loaded polylactic acid filament. The oxidation of GLU was electrocatalyzed by Fe(III), which was electrochemically generated in-situ by the Fe(III)-cluster precursor… Show more
“…A possible mechanism of the electrocatalyzed oxidation of GLU to gluconolactone on the surface of the Fe(II)-MOF/3D-printed CB/PLA device can be described as follows (Fig. 1 B) [ 12 – 15 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A stock solution of 0.1 mol L -1 GLU was prepared in water, left for 24 h at room temperature for the isomer equilibration and then stored at 4 °C. The artificial sweat contained 3 mmol L -1 NH 4 Cl, 50 μmol L -1 MgCl 2 , 0.4 mmol L -1 CaCl 2 , 80 mmol L -1 NaCl, 8 mmol L -1 KCl, and 25 μmol L −1 uric acid; 22 mmol L -1 urea; and 5.5 mmol L -1 lactic acid [ 8 , 11 , 12 ]. The artificial sweat samples were analyzed without any treatment.…”
Estimation of glucose (GLU) levels in the human organism is very important in the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes. Scientific advances in nanomaterials have led to the construction of new generations of enzymatic-free GLU sensors. In this work, an innovative 3D-printed device modified with a water-stable and non-toxic metal–organic framework of iron (Fe(II)-MOF), which serves as a nanozyme, has been developed for the voltammetric determination of GLU in artificial sweat. In contrast to existing MOF-based GLU sensors which exhibit electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of GLU in alkaline media, the nanozyme Fe(II)-MOF/3D-printed device can operate in the acidic epidermal sweat environment. The enzymatic-free GLU sensor is composed of a 3-electrode 3D-printed device with the MOF nanozyme immobilized on the surface of the working electrode. GLU sensing is conducted by differential pulse voltammetry without interference from other co-existing metabolites in artificial sweat. The response is based on the oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone, induced by the redox activity of the Fe-centers of the MOF. GLU gives rise to an easily detectable and well-defined voltammetric peak at about − 1.2 V and the limit of detection is 17.6 μmol L-1. The synergy of a nanozyme with 3D printing technology results in an advanced, sensitive, and low-cost sensor, paving the way for on-skin applications.
Graphical abstract
“…A possible mechanism of the electrocatalyzed oxidation of GLU to gluconolactone on the surface of the Fe(II)-MOF/3D-printed CB/PLA device can be described as follows (Fig. 1 B) [ 12 – 15 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A stock solution of 0.1 mol L -1 GLU was prepared in water, left for 24 h at room temperature for the isomer equilibration and then stored at 4 °C. The artificial sweat contained 3 mmol L -1 NH 4 Cl, 50 μmol L -1 MgCl 2 , 0.4 mmol L -1 CaCl 2 , 80 mmol L -1 NaCl, 8 mmol L -1 KCl, and 25 μmol L −1 uric acid; 22 mmol L -1 urea; and 5.5 mmol L -1 lactic acid [ 8 , 11 , 12 ]. The artificial sweat samples were analyzed without any treatment.…”
Estimation of glucose (GLU) levels in the human organism is very important in the diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes. Scientific advances in nanomaterials have led to the construction of new generations of enzymatic-free GLU sensors. In this work, an innovative 3D-printed device modified with a water-stable and non-toxic metal–organic framework of iron (Fe(II)-MOF), which serves as a nanozyme, has been developed for the voltammetric determination of GLU in artificial sweat. In contrast to existing MOF-based GLU sensors which exhibit electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of GLU in alkaline media, the nanozyme Fe(II)-MOF/3D-printed device can operate in the acidic epidermal sweat environment. The enzymatic-free GLU sensor is composed of a 3-electrode 3D-printed device with the MOF nanozyme immobilized on the surface of the working electrode. GLU sensing is conducted by differential pulse voltammetry without interference from other co-existing metabolites in artificial sweat. The response is based on the oxidation of glucose to gluconolactone, induced by the redox activity of the Fe-centers of the MOF. GLU gives rise to an easily detectable and well-defined voltammetric peak at about − 1.2 V and the limit of detection is 17.6 μmol L-1. The synergy of a nanozyme with 3D printing technology results in an advanced, sensitive, and low-cost sensor, paving the way for on-skin applications.
Graphical abstract
“…Examples of fully 3D printed wearable devices incorporating all essential components of wearable chemical sensors remain rare, which is largely attributed to the complex nature of such devices. Successful efforts must leverage the unique strengths of various 3D printing techniques for fabricating individual components (e.g., microfluidic networks, [172][173][174] electrical circuits, [140,175,176] sensing modules [79,[177][178][179][180] ) and subsequently integrating these disparate elements into a single, unified platform. In the following discussion, we focus on exemplars of 3D printed wearable biochemical sensors with demonstrated on-body measurement capabilities to emphasize the rapidly increasing sophistication of such sensing platforms.…”
Section: Additive Manufacture Of Wearable Platforms For Biochemical M...mentioning
Persistent disparities exist in access to state‐of‐the‐art healthcare disproportionately affecting underserved and vulnerable populations. Advances in wearable sensors enabled by additive manufacturing (AM) offer new opportunities to address such disparities and enhance equitable access advanced diagnostic technologies. Additive manufacturing provides a pathway to rapidly prototype bespoke, multifunctional wearable sensors thereby circumventing existing barriers to innovation for resource‐limited settings imposed by the need for specialized facilities, technical expertise, and capital‐intensive processes. This review examines recent progress in the additive manufacture of wearable platforms for physiological health monitoring. Supported by an initial overview of relevant techniques, representative examples of 3D printed wearable sensors highlight the potential for measuring clinically‐relevant biophysical and biochemical signals of interest. The review concludes with a discussion of the promise and utility of additive manufacturing for wearable sensors, emphasizing opportunities for expanding access to vital healthcare technology and addressing critical health disparities.
“…16 Moreover, Koukouvit et al investigated a 3D-printed Fe(II) MOF-based nanozyme for the electrochemical detection of glucose. 17 However, although these 3D-printed substrates are polymer-and plastic-based, which are mostly disposable and difficult to recycle. Thus, considering this, we developed DEG 500 nanozyme-deposited 3Dprinted metal substates (alloy of Ti, V and Al) for portable application and reusability.…”
The prevalence of 3D-printed portable biomedical sensing devices, fashioned mainly from plastic and polymer materials, introduces a pressing concern due to their limited reusability and consequential generation of substantial disposable...
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