3D printed conductive thermoplastic polyurethane/carbon nanotube composites for capacitive and piezoresistive sensing in soft pneumatic actuators

Hohimer, Cameron J.; Petrossian, Gayaneh; Ameli, Amir; Mo, Changki; Pötschke, Petra

doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101281

Cited by 83 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…For the thermal and electrical properties, interfacial or interlayer contact resistance in the build direction in combination with the presence of voids are mentioned as the fundamental reasons for anisotropy [121], [123], [117]. This interlayer contact resistance strongly depends on raster angle, layer height and extrusion temperature [108], [124], [123]. For multiple printed layers, crossply infill patterns yield a lower resistivity, possibly because current paths more easily divert around areas of high local resistance [125].…”

Section: Anisotropic Conduction In 3d Printed Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Electro- and Biomechanical Sensors

et al. 2021

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In this review paper, we focus on the 3D printing technologies that consist of the extruding of fluid material in lines to form structures for electro-and biomechanical applications. Our paper reviews various 3D print technologies, materials, sensing technologies and applications of extrusion-based 3D printing. We also discuss how to overcome some of the challenges with 3D printed sensors, such as the anisotropy of the conductors as well as the drift and nonlinearity of the materials.

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Section: Anisotropic Conduction In 3d Printed Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Electro- and Biomechanical Sensors

et al. 2021

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“…The anisotropy in the electrical properties can be explained by means of interfacial and inter-layer contact resistance, which is believed to originate from imperfect bonding conditions (e.g. the presence of voids) [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ] and the inhomogeneous distribution of the conductive particles (especially in between traxels and layers) [ 27 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. For low numbers of layers, the thickness variation is also of importance, as Gnanasekaran et al showed for a varying layer thickness with a factor of

due to ridges [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For low numbers of layers, the thickness variation is also of importance, as Gnanasekaran et al showed for a varying layer thickness with a factor of

due to ridges [ 27 ]. It is important to note that the electrical anisotropy can be measured both in-plane and out-of-plane [ 27 , 35 , 41 ], where the inter-layer properties also give rise to capacitive properties [ 40 ]. Figure 2 shows a cross section of a 3D-printed rectangular bar with cross-ply infill with voids between the layers, with gap sizes in the order of 1 μm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Modelling and characterization methods for studying anisotropic electrical conduction are required to understand and predict the performance of 3D-printed sensors [ 42 ] because the electrical anisotropic properties also influence the performance of 3D-printed sensors [ 36 , 41 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, FEM simulations are used to study anisotropy in all directions by taking a unit cell to represent a piece of material with voids and layer bonding [ 35 ]. Because voids, raster orientation, and bonding are important for the anisotropic conductivity [ 41 ], these features need to be included in the modeling. In previous work, the authors also used FEM simulations based on the model of Hampel et al to simulate the in-plane anisotropy by including the inter-traxel resistance and meanders [ 42 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling of Anisotropic Electrical Conduction in Layered Structures 3D-Printed with Fused Deposition Modelling

Dijkshoorn

Schouten

Krijnen

2021

Sensors

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3D-printing conductive structures have recently been receiving increased attention, especially in the field of 3D-printed sensors. However, the printing processes introduce anisotropic electrical properties due to the infill and bonding conditions. Insights into the electrical conduction that results from the anisotropic electrical properties are currently limited. Therefore, this research focuses on analytically modeling the electrical conduction. The electrical properties are described as an electrical network with bulk and contact properties in and between neighbouring printed track elements or traxels. The model studies both meandering and open-ended traxels through the application of the corresponding boundary conditions. The model equations are solved as an eigenvalue problem, yielding the voltage, current density, and power dissipation density for every position in every traxel. A simplified analytical example and Finite Element Method simulations verify the model, which depict good correspondence. The main errors found are due to the limitations of the model with regards to 2D-conduction in traxels and neglecting the resistance of meandering ends. Three dimensionless numbers are introduced for the verification and analysis: the anisotropy ratio, the aspect ratio, and the number of traxels. Conductive behavior between completely isotropic and completely anisotropic can be modeled, depending on the dimensionless properties. Furthermore, this model can be used to explain the properties of certain 3D-printed sensor structures, like constriction-resistive strain sensors.

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Emerging Research in Conductive Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication: A Critical Review

Simunec¹,

Sola²

2022

Adv Eng Mater

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The progress of Industry 4.0 and the advancement of robotic design are revealing a significant gap in the capabilities of current manufacturing techniques and the selection of materials that are available in electronics. Present‐day electrical systems largely rely on metals, but there is a driving need to develop new electrically conductive objects with a wide range of material properties, including expanded flexibility and softness, and with increasingly complex geometries. Electrically conductive composites can replace traditional metal‐based systems. In particular, thermoplastic composites become electrically conductive with the incorporation of conductive fillers or polymers while retaining to a large extent the processability of the thermoplastic matrix. This is where fused filament fabrication (FFF), an additive manufacturing (AM) technique capable of processing a variety of thermoplastic‐matrix feedstock materials, can be leveraged to create electrically conductive objects with new functionalities. While there is an increasing number of publications describing the FFF of electrical objects such as sensors and circuits, there is no comprehensive review outlining the functioning mechanisms, drawbacks, and advantages of FFF as applied to conductive materials. The present review fills this lacuna by offering a critical analysis of the specific challenges and solutions to promote FFF of electrically conductive polymers and composites.

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3D printed conductive thermoplastic polyurethane/carbon nanotube composites for capacitive and piezoresistive sensing in soft pneumatic actuators

Cited by 83 publications

References 96 publications

A Review of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Electro- and Biomechanical Sensors

A Review of Extrusion-Based 3D Printing for the Fabrication of Electro- and Biomechanical Sensors

Modelling of Anisotropic Electrical Conduction in Layered Structures 3D-Printed with Fused Deposition Modelling

Emerging Research in Conductive Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication: A Critical Review

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